Factors That Are Impediments to the Development of Strategic Planning

Factors that are impediments to the development of strategic planning in policing include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) lack of up-front training in planning for operational managers
B) willingness to "let go" of control by middle and senior managers
C) aspects of the process for planning and evaluation did not match police skills, knowledge, and activities
D) good planning models were not readily available to operational police officers