The Urbanist Anthony Downs Uses Five Criteria in His Definition

The urbanist Anthony Downs uses five criteria in his definition of urban sprawl. Which of the following is NOT one of these criteria?

A) high-density, primarily multi-family residential settlement
B) saturation of job locations widely across the landscape in mainly low-density establishments
C) fragmentation of governance authority over land uses among many relatively small localities
D) widespread reliance on the filtering or "trickle-down" process to provide housing for low-income households