Question 1

What do congruent phylogenies suggest?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What do congruent phylogenies suggest?
...

Question 2

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning
-Required for survival

Accepted Answer

The ant-fungal relationship is obligate, meaning that it is essential for the survival of both the ants and the fungus. The ants cannot survive without the fungus, as it is their primary food source, and the fungus cannot survive without the ants, as it relies on them for protection and nutrition.

Question 3

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning
-Both species benefit from the partnership

Accepted Answer

A mutualistic relationship is one where both species benefit from the partnership.

Question 4

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning
-This is not exhibited in the ant-fungus relationship

Accepted Answer

Endosymbiosis typically refers to a relationship where one organism lives inside the cells or body of another organism, which is not the case with ants and their cultivated fungi. The fungi are grown externally in the nests, not inside the ant's bodies.

Question 5

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning
-Interaction between species

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal...

Question 6

Escovopsis fungi are parasites of the fungal gardens cultivated by Attine ants. The cultivated fungi are passed vertically through the generations as each queen takes the cultivar to her new colony. By contrast, Escovopsis species transfer horizontally from one colony to another. Despite these different transfer methods, the phylogenies of the ants, their cultivated fungus, and the parasite species are very similar. Why does the Escovopsis phylogeny resemble the ant and cultivated fungi phylogenies?

Accepted Answer

Escovopsis phylogeny resembles the ant and cultivated fungi phylogenies because Escovopsis is subjected to selective pressure from the evolving ant and cultivated fungal species. The parasites need to constantly adapt to avoid being destroyed by the ant's immune system and benefit from the nutrients provided by the cultivated fungus. This results in coevolution between the three species, causing their phylogenies to be similar.

Question 7

Match the missing words in the following phrase. The Red Queen Hypothesis suggests that the rate at which [A] mutations emerge in a [B] is higher if a parasite is exposed to a [C] that is [D] rather than one that is [E].

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the missing words in the following...

Question 8

Different communities of organisms tend to exhibit different biochemical capacities.

Accepted Answer

An organism needs to be able to access all the biochemical reactions needed to support its growth requirements. However, biochemical reactions can be shared among organisms in a community such that species may take advantage of reactions carried out by another organism and vice versa. When metabolism is viewed at the community level, the biochemical capacities of different communities in different niches are very similar to one another.

Question 9

Which of the following methods cannot be used to assess what the organisms in a metagenome are doing?

Accepted Answer

rRNA sequencing can only identify the types of organisms present in a metagenome, but cannot determine their specific functions or activities. Shotgun sequencing, functional metagenomics, and RNA-seq can all provide information on what the organisms in a metagenome are doing.

Question 10

Researchers used a metagenomic approach to assess the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in the human microbiome. Which experimental step allowed the researchers to obtain only the gene sequences of interest?

Accepted Answer

Cultivation of host strain on media containing antibiotics allows for the selection of only those clones that have acquired antibiotic resistance genes, thereby obtaining only the gene sequences of interest.

Question 11

Which technique did researchers use to examine the gene activity of Prochlorococcus and associated species during the daily cycle?

Accepted Answer

RNA-seq is a technique used to examine the gene expression of an organism, which can be used to analyze changes in gene activity during different time periods or conditions. This makes it a suitable method for examining the daily cycle of Prochlorococcus and associated species. The other options (B) Metagenome shotgun sequencing, (C) Biochemical profiling, and (D) Cloning are not specific to measuring gene activity during a specific time period like RNA-seq does.

Question 12

Experiments with marine samples containing Prochlorococcus and other microorganisms showed that gene expression in non-photosynthetic organisms mirrored the diurnal oscillation pattern exhibited by Prochlorococcus, which is photosynthetic. What explanations did the researchers suggest for the diurnal expression pattern in the non-photosynthetic members of the community? Please select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis in Prochlorococcus generates nutrients that can be exploited by surrounding non-photosynthetic organisms. The researchers proposed that nutrient availability, which depends on photosynthesis in Prochlorococcus, is responsible for oscillation of gene expression in the non-photosynthetic organisms in the marine sample. Gene expression in various organisms can be regulated by diverse cues, such as environmental salinity and temperature. However, environmental salinity and temperature would not be expected to change markedly at depth and were not suggested as regulators in this case.

Quiz 17: Metagenomes: Genome Analysis of Communities

What do congruent phylogenies suggest?

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -Required for survival

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -Both species benefit from the partnership

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -This is not exhibited in the ant-fungus relationship

Ants of the Attine lineage cultivate fungal gardens in their colonies. The relationship between the ants and the fungus has co-evolved over millions of years. Match the descriptor of the ant-fungal relationship with its meaning -Interaction between species

Match the missing words in the following phrase. The Red Queen Hypothesis suggests that the rate at which [A] mutations emerge in a [B] is higher if a parasite is exposed to a [C] that is [D] rather than one that is [E].

Different communities of organisms tend to exhibit different biochemical capacities.

Which of the following methods cannot be used to assess what the organisms in a metagenome are doing?

Researchers used a metagenomic approach to assess the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in the human microbiome. Which experimental step allowed the researchers to obtain only the gene sequences of interest?

Which technique did researchers use to examine the gene activity of Prochlorococcus and associated species during the daily cycle?