Question 1

The standard model of systems consolidation applies to declarative and procedural memory.

Accepted Answer

The standard model of systems consolidation primarily applies to declarative memory, not procedural memory. Declarative memory involves facts and events that can be consciously recalled, whereas procedural memory involves skills and habits that are learned and performed unconsciously.

Question 2

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, the hippocampus is only temporarily involved in the consolidation of episodic and semantic memories.

Accepted Answer

According to the standard model, the hippocampus is involved in the initial consolidation of episodic and semantic memories, but over time the memories become independent of the hippocampus and are stored in the neocortex.

Question 3

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, damage to the hippocampus would not cause retrograde amnesia if it occurred weeks after the memory was consolidated.

Accepted Answer

The standard model of systems consolidation proposes that memories are first stored in the hippocampus and then gradually transferred to the neocortex over a period of weeks to months. Once a memory is fully consolidated in the neocortex, damage to the hippocampus would not affect the retrieval of that memory, resulting in a lack of retrograde amnesia.

Question 4

Systems consolidation theory does not assume that repeated recall or repetition contributes to the memory becoming independent of the hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

Systems consolidation theory assumes that repeated recall or repetition contributes to the memory becoming independent of the hippocampus.

Question 5

Most researchers agrees that the hippocampal component is critical for the initial acquisition and retrieval of episodic memories.

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have shown the importance of the hippocampus in the formation and retrieval of episodic memories. Damage to the hippocampus has been linked to difficulties in remembering specific events or experiences.

Question 6

Damage to the hippocampus prior to contextual fear conditioning produces severe amnesia for contextual fear memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Damage to the hippocampus prior to contextual...

Question 7

Damage to the hippocampus after contextual fear conditioning produces severe amnesia for contextual fear memory.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is critical for encoding and retrieving contextual fear memory, so damage to this brain region can result in severe amnesia for contextual fear memory.

Question 8

Damage to the hippocampus after contextual fear conditioning has no effect on recall of the contextual fear memory.

Accepted Answer

Damage to the hippocampus after contextual fear conditioning has been shown to impair recall of contextual fear memory. The hippocampus is known to be critical for the formation and retrieval of contextual memories.

Question 9

The animal research literature provides strong support for the standard model of systems consolidation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The animal research literature provides strong support...

Question 10

Based on the animal research using the contextual fear conditioning model, one should conclude that the standard model of systems consolidation is wrong.

Accepted Answer

The contextual fear conditioning model in animal research has generally supported the standard model of systems consolidation, which posits that memories are initially dependent on the hippocampus but become increasingly reliant on the neocortex over time for long-term storage.

Question 11

One interpretation of the animal literature is that the contextual fear conditioning model is inappropriate for evaluating the standard model because it does not depend on the pattern completion processes provide by the hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

This interpretation suggests that the contextual fear conditioning model does not fully capture the role of the hippocampus in memory and learning, and therefore is not an appropriate evaluation of the standard model.

Question 12

One can conclude from the animal research that there is a strong extrahippocampal system that can support contextual fear conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The animal research suggests that there is a robust extrahippocampal system that can support contextual fear conditioning.

Question 13

There is no evidence that the extrahippocampal system acquires a contextual fear memory if the hippocampus is functioning normally at the time of conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The extrahippocampal system, including areas such as the amygdala, can still acquire a contextual fear memory even if the hippocampus is functioning normally. The hippocampus is crucial for forming detailed contextual memories, but other brain areas contribute to fear learning and memory in different ways, allowing for some level of contextual fear conditioning without hippocampal involvement.

Question 14

The extrahippocampal system acquires a contextual fear memory even if the hippocampus is functioning normally at the time of conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The extrahippocampal system, including the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, can acquire and store contextual fear memories independently from the hippocampus, even if the hippocampus is functional during conditioning.

Question 15

Optogenetic but not DREADD methods revealed that a contextual fear memory is acquired by the extrahippocampal system even if the hippocampus is functioning normally at the time of conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Both optogenetic and DREADD methods have been used to reveal that a contextual fear memory can be acquired by the extrahippocampal system even if the hippocampus is functioning normally at the time of conditioning, demonstrating the complexity of memory systems and the role of multiple brain regions in memory formation.

Question 16

It requires about an hour for DREADDs to be activated.

Accepted Answer

It typically takes about an hour for DREADDs (Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) to become activated in cells after being introduced.

Question 17

Optogenetics provides strong support for the idea that the contextual fear memory trace depends on the hippocampus for the life of the memory.

Accepted Answer

Optogenetics is a technique that uses light to selectively control the activity of neurons. Studies using optogenetics have shown that the selective activation or inhibition of hippocampal neurons during memory retrieval can either enhance or impair the recall of contextual fear memories. This provides strong evidence that the contextual fear memory trace is stored and maintained in the hippocampus for the life of the memory.

Question 18

According to competitive trace theory, episodic memories become more veridical as they age.

Accepted Answer

Competitive trace theory suggests that episodic memories can become less accurate over time due to interference from other memories, leading to a blending or alteration of the original memory.

Question 19

According to competitive trace theory, episodic memories become distorted as they age.

Accepted Answer

Competitive trace theory proposes that as episodic memories age, they become distorted and may be influenced by competing memories. This can lead to inaccuracies or errors in recall.

Question 20

According to competitive trace theory, episodic memories become more semantic as they age.

Accepted Answer

Competitive trace theory suggests that over time, the details of episodic memories fade away and only the semantic gist remains. This means that episodic memories become more generalized and abstract over time, with the focus shifting to the broader meaning rather than specific details.

Quiz 18: When Memories Age