Question 1

Which of the following would not be described as a 'non-communicable disease'?

Accepted Answer

Polio is not a non-communicable disease as it is caused by a virus that can spread from person to person. Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke are all examples of non-communicable diseases, which are not caused by infectious agents and typically arise from lifestyle factors or genetic predisposition.

Question 2

Which of the following is a correct definition of the term 'population-attributable risk'?

Accepted Answer

Population-attributable risk refers to the incidence of a disease or characteristic in a population that is associated with an exposure to a risk factor. It represents the proportion of cases in a population that can be attributed to a specific risk factor.

Question 3

Which of the following statements constitutes the most accurate description of current (2018) recommendations for physical activity levels in adults?

Accepted Answer

The most accurate description of current (2018) recommendations for physical activity levels in adults is to engage in moderate-intensity aerobic activity for a minimum of 150-300 mins each week or vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for a minimum of 75-150 mins each week. This recommendation is provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). Option B refers to a specific type of aerobic activity, while Option C recommends an hour of exercise daily which may be difficult for some individuals to sustain. Option D suggests a high intensity exercise twice a week, which may not be suitable for all individuals.

Question 4

How many steps (as measured by pedometer) have commonly been cited as a reasonable estimate of an appropriate level of daily activity for healthy adults?

Accepted Answer

The commonly cited estimate for an appropriate level of daily activity for healthy adults is 10,000 steps per day, which is about 5 miles of walking. This recommendation is based on research linking higher daily step counts to reduced risk for chronic diseases and improved overall health.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the intensity of activity typically experienced during brisk walking by normally active, middle-aged people?

Accepted Answer

Brisk walking for normally active, middle-aged individuals typically corresponds to an intensity of about 60% of VO2max and is equivalent to 4 METs (Metabolic Equivalents), where 1 MET is the energy expenditure at rest. This intensity is moderate and sustainable for most people in this demographic, making choice A the correct answer.

Question 6

Which of the following factors is the most important determinant of running injuries?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following factors is the...

Question 7

Studies in the US and Germany have shown that the risk of a sudden exercise-related cardiac event (relative to at all other times) varies according to an individual's:

Accepted Answer

Individuals who regularly engage in vigorous exercise have a lower relative risk of sudden cardiac events during exercise compared to those who do not exercise regularly.

Question 8

Which of the following is considered to be the defining feature of the female athlete triad?

Accepted Answer

Low energy availability is considered to be the defining feature of the female athlete triad. This is because low energy availability can lead to a number of health problems, including irregular or absent menses, low bone mineral density, and eating disorders.

Question 9

Which of these phrases correctly completes the following sentence? 'When energy availability is low, physiological mechanisms ...'

Accepted Answer

When energy availability is low, physiological mechanisms reduce the amount of energy used for cellular maintenance, thermoregulation, growth, and maturation to conserve energy for survival. The other options are not relevant responses to low energy availability.

Question 10

Which of the following has not been identified as a potential mechanism explaining the increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections in athletes after prolonged exercise?

Accepted Answer

Decreased concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is not identified as a mechanism explaining increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections in athletes after prolonged exercise. Instead, mechanisms typically involve aspects of immune function directly involved in pathogen defense, such as natural killer cell activity, neutrophil function, and levels of immunoglobulin A in saliva.

Quiz 8: Public Health and Hazards