Back when anthropology emerged (in B. Tylor's day, in the 1800s), most anthropological theorists defined 'civilization' as (or using the yardstick of):

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Back in B. Tylor's day, anthropology was heavily influenced by the colonialism and ethnocentrism of European powers, which led anthropologists to define 'civilization' through the lens of their own culture. This is known as cultural relativism, and it was not until later in anthropological history that this approach was challenged and replaced by a more objective and inclusive perspective. Therefore, option A) is the best choice as it accurately reflects the predominant view of 'civilization' at the time.

Back When Anthropology Emerged (In B