The cases of Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger had the effect of

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The cases of Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger had the effect of limiting the role that affirmative action criteria can play in university admissions. In Gratz v. Bollinger, the Supreme Court ruled that the University of Michigan's point system, which awarded extra points to underrepresented minority applicants, was unconstitutional because it was too mechanically applied and did not allow for individualized consideration of applicants. In Grutter v. Bollinger, however, the Supreme Court upheld the University of Michigan Law School's holistic approach to admissions, which took into account a variety of factors, including race, in order to achieve diversity. Despite this ruling, the cases overall had the effect of limiting the role that affirmative action can play in university admissions.

The Cases of Gratz V