Question 1

Political psychology focuses not just on ________ but also on _____.
A) Institutions and states . . . behavior and group think.
B) Institutions and states . . . individuals and groups.
C) Individuals and groups . . . society as a whole.
D) Individuals and groups . . . corporations.

Accepted Answer

Political psychology involves studying the interactions between individuals and groups within political contexts, as well as how they interact with institutions and states. Therefore, B is the best choice. Option A is not comprehensive enough, as it focuses solely on institutions and states. Option C is not accurate, as it suggests that political psychology only focuses on society as a whole, while ignoring the actions of individuals and groups. Option D is too narrow, as it excludes the study of political systems and institutions.

Question 2

Constructivism is BEST reflected in which of the following statements?
A) States develop their interests and notions of security in many different ways, according to diverse social norms and historic experiences.
B) States develop their interest based on maximizing their resources and power in an anarchic international relations system.
C) States cooperate with other states to build lasting alliances and maintain the status quo in world politics.
D) States all have the same motivations and will thus usually react to changes in the international system in the same way.

Accepted Answer

Constructivism emphasizes that states' interests and behaviors are shaped by their social norms, identities, and historic experiences, rather than being solely driven by material factors such as resources and power. Therefore, choice A best reflects the constructivist approach. The other choices reflect different theories, such as realism (B), liberal institutionalism (C), or a simplified view of state behavior (D).

Question 3

Constructivists are likely to posit that
A) State policies are based on how governments interpret the available information.
B) State polices are based on how much military power governments can exert.
C) State policies are based on what economic resources are available at the time.
D) State policies are based on the struggle between workers and the owners of capital.

Accepted Answer

Constructivism emphasizes the importance of how states interpret and assign meaning to the world around them, including information and ideas. Therefore, state policies are based on how governments interpret the available information rather than solely on military power, economic resources, or class struggle.

Question 4

Constructivists believe that a serious threat
A)Is perceived the same everywhere.
B)Can be perceived differently by different states.
C)Represents danger only if the threatened state does not have the military means to meet it.
D)Can be avoided if the state has a nuclear arsenal.

Accepted Answer

Constructivists believe that threats are not objective and can be perceived differently by different states based on their identities, norms, and beliefs. What one state perceives as a serious threat, another state may not perceive as a threat at all. Therefore, choice B is the best answer. Choices A, C, and D are not accurate according to the constructivist perspective.

Question 5

In the eyes of constructivist scholars, if two countries agree on ___, they are ____ prone to cooperate.
A)What is fair . . . more.
B)What will harm them . . . more.
C)A potential obstacle . . . less.
D)The nature of the international system . . . less.

Accepted Answer

According to constructivist scholars, if two countries agree on what is fair, they are more prone to cooperate. This is because agreements based on fairness and shared norms can build trust and enhance the likelihood of future cooperation.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a factor shaping state interests that is emphasized by constructivists?
A)History.
B)Culture.
C)Norms.
D)Power.

Accepted Answer

Power is typically emphasized by realists, while constructivists tend to focus on factors such as history, culture, and norms as shaping state interests.

Question 7

In constructivism, beliefs, perceptions, and lessons spring from the imagination. True?
A) Yes, but they are mostly formed and promoted by political elites.
B) No, rather, they are collective perceptions, shared by powerful societal groups.
C) No, they are based on statistical models.
D) Yes, but they can change slowly over time.

Accepted Answer

Constructivism emphasizes that beliefs and perceptions are socially constructed and shared by groups within society, rather than being solely products of individual imagination or elite imposition.

Question 8

Constructivists agreed on Thucydides' description of how ____, honor, and self-interest provoked Greek cities to go to war.
A) Fear.
B) Pride.
C) Greed.
D) Religion.

Accepted Answer

Constructivists believe that it is the ideas and beliefs that shape the behavior of the actors in international relations. Thucydides' description of how fear played a crucial role in the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War aligns with constructivist ideas. According to Thucydides, the fear of the rising power of Athens and the fear of losing power and status propelled Sparta and other Greek cities to go to war. Honor and self-interest were also factors, but fear was the main driver of the conflict, as it created a sense of insecurity and uncertainty among the Greek states.

Question 9

Russia's current nuclear arsenal is much greater than that of the Soviet Union in the 1950, yet the United States and Russia work together on the assumption that nuclear weapons must never be used. How would constructivists explain this?
A) Russia has a week power position.
B) More trust developed over time between the two states.
C) The United States is in a declining hegemonic position in international relations.
D) Russia has a need for U.S. aid.

Accepted Answer

Constructivists would argue that both the United States and Russia have developed shared norms and ideas over time that nuclear weapons must never be used, despite their vast nuclear arsenals. This shared understanding has developed through interactions and dialogues between the two states, which has built up a level of trust and cooperation that prioritizes peaceful conflict resolution over the use of nuclear weapons.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of three international environments defined by Alexander Wendt when examining constructivism?
A) The Hobbesian model.
B) The Lockean model.
C) The Kantian model.
D) The Wilsonian model.

Accepted Answer

The three international environments defined by Alexander Wendt in constructivism are the Hobbesian model, the Lockean model, and the Kantian model. The Wilsonian model is not one of the three environments.

Question 11

Constructivists argue that state leaders make decisions based on at least three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?
A) Assumptions and beliefs about their state's role in international affairs.
B) Statistical assessments of how strong their state's military power is compared to that of other states.
C) Perceptions of other actors of international relations and the rules of interactions with them.
D) Lessons of history, in past errors and accomplishments.

Accepted Answer

Constructivists argue that state leaders make decisions based on their assumptions and beliefs about their state's role in international affairs, their perceptions of other actors in international relations and the rules of interactions with them, and their lessons from history. However, statistical assessments of military power are not considered a key factor in constructivist theory.

Question 12

President Franklin D. Roosevelt gravitated toward which of Alexander Wendt's models?
A) The Hobbesian model.
B) The Lockean model.
C) The Kantian model.
D) A mix of the Hobbesian model and the Lockean model.

Accepted Answer

President Franklin D. Roosevelt gravitated toward the Kantian model, which emphasizes cooperation and international law. This is evidenced by his leadership in establishing the United Nations and promoting the idea of an international community working towards peace and security.

Question 13

Adolf Hitler believed most likely in which of Alexander Wendt's three models?
A) The Hobbesian model.
B) The Lockean model.
C) The Kantian model.
D) An equal mix of all three models.

Accepted Answer

Adolf Hitler's beliefs and actions aligned most closely with the Hobbesian model, which emphasizes the importance of power and self-interest in international relations. Hitler pursued a policy of aggressive expansionism and sought to establish Germany as the dominant power in Europe through military force.

Question 14

Where did the Allied forces meet in 1945?
A) Yalta.
B) Berlin.
C) Bandung.
D) Dayton.

Accepted Answer

The Allied forces met in Yalta in 1945. This meeting, also known as the Yalta Conference, was held between February 4 and February 11, 1945, and was attended by the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union. The main purpose of the conference was to discuss how to divide control of post-World War II Europe and to plan military operations against Japan.

Question 15

Constructivists would be LEAST likely to turn to which of the following explanatory factors?
A) History.
B) Economy.
C) Culture.
D) Traditions.

Accepted Answer

Constructivists focus on the role of norms, ideas, and identity in shaping international relations. While they may acknowledge the importance of economic factors, they would be least likely to turn to economic explanations as their primary explanatory factor. Instead, they would be more likely to focus on how ideas about economic relations and the cultural context surrounding economic interactions shape international behavior.

Question 16

For constructivists, ______are crucial.
A) Alliances.
B) A country's resources.
C) History lessons.
D) International organizations.

Accepted Answer

Constructivists view ideas, norms, and shared beliefs as crucial in shaping international relations. History lessons, or the shared understanding of past events, play an important role in shaping present and future interactions between countries.

Question 17

Marxism typically views a ____as an instrument of the ____groups, such as aristocracy or capitalists.
A) Corporation . . . weaker.
B) State . . . dominant.
C) Military force . . . ruling.
D) Nongovernmental organization . . . oppressed.

Accepted Answer

Marxism views the state as an instrument of the dominant ruling group, which in capitalist societies is the bourgeoisie or capitalist class. The state is seen as existing to uphold the interests of this class and maintain its dominance over the oppressed working class. Therefore, option B is the best choice. The other options are not typically viewed as central instruments of the ruling class in Marxist theory.

Question 18

According to Marx,
A) Only a revolution of industrial workers, the proletariat, can save humanity.
B) Only a revolution led by the peasantry can save humanity.
C) The aristocracy needs to monitor its resources to stay in power.
D) The state has the obligation to provide welfare to its workers.

Accepted Answer

Marx believed that the proletariat, or working class, held the power to overthrow the capitalist system and create a socialist society. He believed that the bourgeoisie, or the wealthy class, would never willingly give up their power and wealth, so it was necessary for the proletariat to rise up in revolution. Marx believed that this revolution would ultimately lead to the establishment of a classless society.

Question 19

According to Lenin, sovereign states are just obedient ______of powerful corporations.
A) Legislative committees.
B) Judicial constructs.
C) Executive committees.
D) Legislative assemblies.

Accepted Answer

According to Lenin's theory of imperialism, sovereign states are just obedient executive committees of powerful corporations. This means that governments are manipulated by large corporations and serve their interests, rather than truly representing the interests of their citizens.

Question 20

Marxists and Leninists consider ______ an inherent part of politics and international relations and a legitimate form of struggle against the ruling classes.
A) Violence.
B) Strikes.
C) Revolution.
D) Peace.

Accepted Answer

Marxists and Leninists believe in the necessity of violent revolution in order to overthrow the ruling classes and establish a socialist or communist society. They view peaceful reform as inadequate and see violence as a legitimate form of struggle against the ruling classes. The option for strikes (B) is also a form of struggle, but it is not considered inherent to politics and international relations in the same way as violence and revolution. Peace (D) is not seen as a legitimate form of struggle by Marxists and Leninists, but rather as a temporary state that can be achieved through revolutionary means.

Quiz 4: Alternative Views

Political psychology focuses not just on ____ but also on _.

Constructivism is BEST reflected in which of the following statements?

Constructivists are likely to posit that

Constructivists believe that a serious threat

In the eyes of constructivist scholars, if two countries agree on _, they are __ prone to cooperate.

Which of the following is NOT a factor shaping state interests that is emphasized by constructivists?

In constructivism, beliefs, perceptions, and lessons spring from the imagination. True?

Constructivists agreed on Thucydides' description of how ____, honor, and self-interest provoked Greek cities to go to war.

Russia's current nuclear arsenal is much greater than that of the Soviet Union in the 1950, yet the United States and Russia work together on the assumption that nuclear weapons must never be used. How would constructivists explain this?

Which of the following is NOT one of three international environments defined by Alexander Wendt when examining constructivism?

Constructivists argue that state leaders make decisions based on at least three factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

President Franklin D. Roosevelt gravitated toward which of Alexander Wendt's models?

Adolf Hitler believed most likely in which of Alexander Wendt's three models?

Where did the Allied forces meet in 1945?

Constructivists would be LEAST likely to turn to which of the following explanatory factors?

For constructivists, ______are crucial.

Marxism typically views a as an instrument of the groups, such as aristocracy or capitalists.

According to Marx,

According to Lenin, sovereign states are just obedient ______of powerful corporations.

Marxists and Leninists consider ______ an inherent part of politics and international relations and a legitimate form of struggle against the ruling classes.