In most bicameral systems, the upper house represents the citizens of subnational geographic units. Thus, the upper chamber often suffers from malapportionment.

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In bicameral systems, the upper house (usually called the Senate) often represents subnational geographic units such as states or provinces. This can lead to malapportionment, as each subnational unit is given equal representation regardless of population size. This can result in smaller states having disproportionate power in the upper chamber.

In Most Bicameral Systems, the Upper House Represents the Citizens