The results of empirical tests of Duverger's theory show that increasing ethnic heterogeneity always leads to more legislative parties, regardless of the permissiveness of the electoral system.

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Empirical tests have shown that the relationship between ethnic heterogeneity and number of legislative parties is complex and can be influenced by factors such as the permissiveness of the electoral system, the size of the ethnic groups, and the level of social integration. While ethnic heterogeneity can increase the number of parties, it does not always do so.

The Results of Empirical Tests of Duverger's Theory Show That