Question 1

Imagine that your child is learning a popular holiday song, and instead of singing "All of the other reindeer," she has learned the words as "Olive, the other reindeer." This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a mondegreen, which is a misheard or misinterpreted word or phrase that results in a new meaning. In this case, "All of the other reindeer" sounds like "Olive, the other reindeer" to the child.

Question 2

Refer to the figure.
 You are carrying out an eye-tracking experiment using this display, similar to one used in Allopenna et al. (1998). The longer eye fixation on the parrot compared to the nickel at the prompt Pick up the carrot is best explained by the

Accepted Answer

The TRACE model explains longer fixation on the parrot compared to the nickel as a result of competition between multiple activated lexical candidates, where the more frequent candidate (parrot) wins and receives a longer fixation.

Question 3

In Spivey and Marian's 1999 study, bilingual English-Russian speakers heard instructions such as Can you hand me the marker? At the same time, the subjects were shown a set of objects that included a stamp, which is pronounced /marka/ in Russian, and a marker. The results of the study support the conclusion that

Accepted Answer

The study shows that bilingual speakers' brains can experience interference between lexical items from different languages, which suggests that they compete with one another during language processing.

Question 4

Imagine you are learning an obscure language spoken by only a few dozen people in the Sahara Desert. They tell you the translation for "apple" in their language is pronounced "kal-ko-MAR-ko." They write this word like so:  What type of writing system do these Saharans use?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine you are learning an obscure language...

Question 5

The equation 4 + 3 = 7 conveys meaning using a _______ writing system, whereas the word seven conveys meaning using a _______ writing system.

Accepted Answer

The equation 4 + 3 = 7 conveys meaning using a logographic writing system, as the symbols represent abstract concepts rather than phonetic sounds. The word seven conveys meaning using an alphabetic writing system, as the symbols represent phonetic sounds in a specific order to form a word.

Question 6

_______ is required to identify the distinct phonemes contained in the word trilobite, a difficult task for young children and illiterate adults.

Accepted Answer

Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate the individual sounds, or phonemes, in words. This is necessary for reading and writing, and can be a difficult task for young children and illiterate adults. The task of identifying the distinct phonemes in the word trilobite requires phonemic awareness. Masked priming and incremental language processing are not relevant to this task, and perceptual invariance refers to the ability to recognize objects despite variations in their appearance, not the ability to identify phonemes in words.

Question 7

Considering models of reading, the word _______ is more likely to be activated via the direct route, whereas _______ would be activated by the assembled phonology route.

Accepted Answer

The word "colonel" is more likely to be activated via the direct route because its pronunciation does not match its spelling, requiring recognition from memory. "Mint," on the other hand, can be sounded out phonetically, making it suitable for the assembled phonology route.

Question 8

At the county fair, you hear your sister yell, "Look at the be_ le." You are surrounded by barking dogs and thus interpret be_ le as beagle, not beetle. Proponents of _______ would argue that your awareness of the context affected your interpretation of the ambiguous word.

Accepted Answer

Proponents of an integrative mind design would argue that context plays a crucial role in processing and interpreting ambiguous stimuli. This is because an integrative mind design suggests that cognitive processes are not isolated, individual modules, but instead work together to form a cohesive interpretation of environmental stimuli. In this case, the context of a county fair and the presence of barking dogs would influence the interpretation of the ambiguous word "be_ le" as "beagle" rather than "beetle."

Question 9

Which of the following is not a reason the English language's system of spelling is very loosely connected to pronunciation?

Accepted Answer

While A, B, and D are all reasons contributing to the loose connection between English spelling and pronunciation, C is not a valid reason. There was never a centralized group of scribes who decided on the spelling rules for English. Rather, the spelling system evolved over time through various influences and changes.

Question 10

If you are shopping at a market in a country where you do not speak or read the language, you are most likely to understand how much to pay for goods if their prices are presented in

Accepted Answer

Logographs represent words or morphemes with a single character, making it easier to understand prices as they can directly represent numbers or common concepts without needing knowledge of the language's phonetic system.

Question 11

Yee and Sedivy's 2006 study used the eye-tracking technique to investigate auditory semantic priming. Provide an example of the kind of visual display that was used, describe their findings, and briefly relate these findings to investigations of the same phenomenon using a lexical decision task.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Yee and Sedivy's 2006 study used the...

Question 12

Using the lexical decision task, design an experiment to compare the effects of form versus semantic priming on word activation. Include the expected results in your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using the lexical decision task, design an...

Question 13

How does mediated semantic priming provide support for a spreading activation model of word activation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does mediated semantic priming provide support...

Question 14

Describe how both excitatory and inhibitory connections can contribute to the process of recognizing the word stove.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how both excitatory and inhibitory connections...

Question 15

Are words in memory isolated abstract representations of meaning, or are they linked to perceptual memories of our experiences of the meanings of words? Support your answer with evidence from the text.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Are words in memory isolated abstract representations...

Question 16

Refer to the figure.
  Based on the figure, describe the effects of context on word activation and how the models in A and B differ with regard to how they characterize the influence of context on understanding the ambiguous word bank.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.
  Based on...

Question 17

Consider the Berger and Fitzsimons (2008) study in which photographs of dogs were presented to people, after which they felt more positively about products with the Puma brand name. This is presumably because the semantic relationship between dogs and pumas made the brand name feel more familiar, a factor that is known to promote positive attitudes. Design an experiment involving brand names to further explore the link between familiarity and attitudes, but focus on familiarity related to the sounds of brand names rather than their meanings. Be sure to include examples of key stimuli and appropriate controls, and to specify which conditions you are comparing and the results you expect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the Berger and Fitzsimons (2008) study...

Question 18

Refer to the figure.
  Based on Allopenna et al.'s 1998 study, describe the time course of spoken word activation and what would happen as subjects hear the word beaker while viewing this figure.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the figure.
  Based on...

Question 19

What prediction would the cohort model make about the activation of the word weaver when subjects hear the word cleaver? What prediction would the TRACE model make in the same scenario? Explain the mechanisms behind each model's predictions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What prediction would the cohort model make...

Question 20

You want to observe and measure lexical activation and describe the incremental dynamics of some process. What measurement tools might you use and why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You want to observe and measure lexical...

Quiz 7: Word Recognition

Imagine that your child is learning a popular holiday song, and instead of singing "All of the other reindeer," she has learned the words as "Olive, the other reindeer." This is an example of

Refer to the figure. You are carrying out an eye-tracking experiment using this display, similar to one used in Allopenna et al. (1998) . The longer eye fixation on the parrot compared to the nickel at the prompt Pick up the carrot is best explained by the

Imagine you are learning an obscure language spoken by only a few dozen people in the Sahara Desert. They tell you the translation for "apple" in their language is pronounced "kal-ko-MAR-ko." They write this word like so: What type of writing system do these Saharans use?

The equation 4 + 3 = 7 conveys meaning using a _ writing system, whereas the word seven conveys meaning using a _ writing system.