Question 1

Naturally occurring self-report data produced by:
A) responses to survey questions.
B) participants without being prompted by researchers.
C) interviewing participants.
D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

Naturally occurring self-report data refers to information provided by participants without any prompting or structured questioning by researchers, unlike surveys or interviews.

Question 2

Elicited online forum data is collected when researchers have:
A) collected all Twitter posts on a particular topic.
B) set up an online forum.
C) collected the historic discussions from a Facebook.
D) set up an experiment online.

Accepted Answer

Elicited online forum data is collected when researchers set up an online forum where participants discuss a specific topic or issue. Researchers can observe and collect data from these discussions to analyze and understand the views and opinions of the participants. The other options (A, C, D) may involve the collection of online data, but not specific to elicited online forum data.

Question 3

If a researcher was interested in better understanding how people experience chemotherapy using self-report data, they might ask participants to:
A) keep a daily diary about their experience(s).
B) record their thoughts and feelings.
C) take photographs representing their experience(s).
D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

Keeping a daily diary can provide detailed information about the experience of chemotherapy, including physical symptoms and emotional reactions. Recording thoughts and feelings can offer additional insight into the emotional impact of chemotherapy. Taking photographs can help capture visual representations of the experience. Therefore, all of these methods could be valuable for a researcher interested in better understanding how people experience chemotherapy using self-report data.

Question 4

Event-based ecological momentary assessment:
A) happens when researchers want to collect data when they are at corporate events.
B) is triggered when an event of interest to the researcher happens.
C) happens when researchers want to collect data when they are at corporate events and assessments are triggered when an event of interest to the researcher happens.
D) None of these.

Accepted Answer

Event-based ecological momentary assessment is triggered when an event of interest to the researcher happens. It could be any event like exposure to a particular situation, event, or condition, that is thought to be relevant to the research question. Option A is incorrect because data collection is not limited to corporate events. Option C implies data collection is restricted to corporate events, which is incorrect. Option D is incorrect because option B is correct.

Question 5

Time-based ecological momentary assessment is used:
A) when an event of interest to the researcher happens.
B) to compare social media posts at different times of day.
C) when researchers invite participants to complete measures at different times.
D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

Time-based ecological momentary assessment involves inviting participants to complete measures at predetermined times, which allows researchers to capture data across different times to understand patterns or changes in behavior or states.

Question 6

Self-report data is information produced by:
A) people and/or groups that researchers want to understand.
B) computer programmes.
C) data mining software.
D) the Office for National Statistics.

Accepted Answer

Self-report data is information that is provided by people or groups who are being studied, and is often obtained through surveys, interviews, or questionnaires. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Options B, C, and D do not involve people providing information about themselves or their experiences.

Question 7

Self-report can only be analysed:
A) quantitatively.
B) qualitatively.
C) using mixed methods.
D) There is no one way of analysing self-report data.

Accepted Answer

Self-report data can be analysed using various techniques depending on the type of data collected and research questions. Quantitative analysis methods can be used to analyse numerical or categorical data, while qualitative analysis techniques can be used to analyse textual data. Mixed methods can combine quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the data. There is no one best way of analysing self-report data, and researchers should choose the most appropriate analysis technique based on their research questions and the type of data they have collected.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a form of self-report data?
A) Instagram images
B) fMRI scans
C) Diary entries
D) Replies to researchers' tweets

Accepted Answer

Self-report data is typically gathered through methods that directly ask individuals about their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. Instagram images, diary entries, and replies to researchers' tweets could all potentially provide self-report data. However, fMRI scans are a form of neuroimaging that do not rely on individuals' self-reports, but instead on measuring brain activity directly.

Question 9

YouTube can provide a form of:
A) naturally occurring data.
B) elicited data.
C) video data.
D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

YouTube can provide naturally occurring data in the form of user-generated content (such as videos and comments), elicited data through surveys or questionnaires, and video data that can be analyzed for various research purposes. Therefore, all of these options are correct.

Question 10

Image based self-report data:
A) should not be used for student dissertations.
B) has become available as a psychological method since the invention of mobile phones.
C) has a long history in psychology.
D) does not constitute a form of self-report data.

Accepted Answer

Image based self-report data has been used in psychology for a long time, dating back to the use of projective tests in the early 1900s. With advancements in technology and the widespread use of smartphones, image-based self-report methods have become more accessible and prevalent in recent years. Therefore, option C is correct. Options A, B, and D are incorrect.

Question 11

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA):
A) explores public understandings of environmental issues.
B) is an approach that involves repeated sampling of participants in real time.
C) is an approach to data collection that does not take very long.
D) is an approach to data collection that samples one specific moment in time.

Accepted Answer

EMA involves repeated sampling of participants in real time, often through the use of mobile technology, to capture data on experiences, behaviors, and environmental factors as they occur in natural settings. It is a way to collect data in real-time and helps to capture a more complete and accurate picture of participants' experiences. A, C, and D are not accurate descriptions of EMA.

Question 12

Data collected by a researcher asking a question on Twitter would be considered a form of:
A) ecological momentary assessment data.
B) elicited self-report data.
C) context induced mood.
D) critical incidence technique.

Accepted Answer

Data collected by a researcher asking a question on Twitter would be considered a form of elicited self-report data, as the researcher is directly asking individuals to report their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. Ecological momentary assessment data is collected in real-time using electronic diaries or mobile devices, and context induced mood refers to changes in mood that are brought on by situational factors. Critical incidence technique involves gathering data on specific instances of behavior or events.

Question 13

Instagram posts can represent a form of:
A) ephemeral data.
B) permanent data.
C) private data.
D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

Instagram posts can be ephemeral if they are stories that disappear after 24 hours, permanent if they are regular posts that stay on a profile indefinitely, and private if the account settings are set to private, making the posts visible only to approved followers.

Question 14

Snapchat data is:
A) public and ephemeral.
B) private and permanent.
C) public and permanent.
D) private and ephemeral.

Accepted Answer

Snapchat data is private, as users choose who they share their content with, and ephemeral, as it disappears after a set amount of time.

Question 15

Content analysis:
A) is only suitable for the analysis of images.
B) is the preferred method of analysing social media data.
C) can be qualitative or quantitative.
D) is not suitable for psychological research.

Accepted Answer

Content analysis can be both qualitative and quantitative, making it a flexible method for analyzing different types of data, such as text or media content. While it can certainly be used to analyze social media data, it is not limited to this type of information. It is also commonly used in psychological research, particularly in analyzing language or communication patterns.

Question 16

Which type of data would always require permission from a 'gate-keeper' to access?
A) Snapchat screenshots
B) Tweets
C) Facebook stories
D) None of these

Accepted Answer

Snapchat screenshots require permission from the sender to access because they are ephemeral messages that disappear after a short period of time.

Question 17

Which of the following questions does NOT use self-report data?
A) Asking women with breast cancer what led them to pursue complementary therapy
B) An analysis of the fMRI scans of women with breast cancer
C) Asking women about their experience of their bodies during chemotherapy for breast cancer
D) Asking women how they cope with the experience of chemotherapy

Accepted Answer

Option B does not use self-report data because it involves analyzing fMRI scans, which are objective measures rather than self-reported experiences or perceptions. All of the other options use self-report data by asking women about their experiences or opinions related to breast cancer and chemotherapy.

Question 18

If an online forum is privately public, it:
A) is accessible by invitation only.
B) reveals your face, but not your address.
C) is freely accessible, but contains very little identifying information.
D) available only to adults above the age of 18.

Accepted Answer

A forum described as "privately public" suggests it is open for anyone to access (public) but maintains privacy by limiting the amount of personal information shared (private), hence option C is correct.

Question 19

If an online forum is publicly private, it is:
A) accessible by invitation only, and once you are a member, you can reveal identifying information.
B) accessible but you can only join if you are in disguise.
C) accessible to no more than 10 friends.
D) All of these.

Accepted Answer

A publicly private online forum means that it is accessible to the public but only by invitation. Once you become a member, you can reveal identifying information, meaning that the forum is private in terms of who can join, but public in terms of what information can be shared within the forum.

Question 20

Which type of data cannot ethically be used by researchers?
A) Snapchat screenshots
B) Publically private data
C) Twitter data collected without explicit consent
D) Privately-public data collected without the posters' consent

Accepted Answer

Privately-public data collected without the posters' consent cannot ethically be used by researchers as it involves accessing data that individuals may not have intended to be public, violating their privacy and consent.

Quiz 13: Self-Report Data

Naturally occurring self-report data produced by:

Elicited online forum data is collected when researchers have:

If a researcher was interested in better understanding how people experience chemotherapy using self-report data, they might ask participants to:

Event-based ecological momentary assessment:

Time-based ecological momentary assessment is used:

Self-report data is information produced by:

Self-report can only be analysed:

Which of the following is NOT a form of self-report data?

YouTube can provide a form of:

Image based self-report data:

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) :

Data collected by a researcher asking a question on Twitter would be considered a form of:

Instagram posts can represent a form of:

Snapchat data is:

Content analysis:

Which type of data would always require permission from a 'gate-keeper' to access?

Which of the following questions does NOT use self-report data?

If an online forum is privately public, it:

If an online forum is publicly private, it is:

Which type of data cannot ethically be used by researchers?