Question 1

Milton Gordon (1964) identified seven stages of assimilation, or the perspective that minority groups gradually become absorbed into the dominant group. The final phase of assimilation is where power and value conflicts between dominant and subordinate groups disappear. This is known as:

Accepted Answer

Civic assimilation is the phase where power and value conflicts between dominant and subordinate groups disappear, according to Milton Gordon's stages of assimilation.

Question 2

The assimilation process is marked by _________, the spatial and personal separation between groups and the degree of sympathetic understanding between them.

Accepted Answer

The term "social distance" refers to the spatial and personal separation between groups and the degree of sympathetic understanding between them. It is a key aspect of the assimilation process. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe social distance.

Question 3

Sociologist Gordon W. Allport made the argument that prejudice may be reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. One primary prejudice reducing tool is also known as:

Accepted Answer

Intergroup contact, specifically contact that emphasizes mutual goals and an equal status between groups, has been shown to be an effective way of reducing prejudice. Assimilation involves the minority group conforming to the majority group's culture, which may not address underlying prejudice. Spatial distance, or physical separation between groups, does not allow for the opportunity for contact and understanding. Counter racism may address prejudice on an individual level but does not necessarily address systemic issues of prejudice.

Question 4

One of the major explanations for why interracial marriages were very rare prior to 1967 in the U.S. is because of efforts to encourage people to abide by the cultural norms and discourage deviance, or violation, of the norm. This is also known in sociology as:

Accepted Answer

Social control refers to the various mechanisms employed by society to discourage deviance from cultural norms and encourage conformity. Prior to the legalization of interracial marriage in 1967, there was significant social control in place to discourage interracial relationships and marriages, making them very rare.

Question 5

When strangers glare at an interracial couple in a public space they are letting their disapproval be known. Sociologists describe this as:

Accepted Answer

When strangers glare at an interracial couple in a public space, they are not officially punishing them through formal social sanctions. Instead, this behavior represents an informal social sanction, where disapproval is communicated through non-official means, such as body language or facial expressions.

Question 6

This works to limit interracial relationships, whether through formal or informal sanctions, in order to maintain distinct racial groups.

Accepted Answer

Boundary maintenance refers to the social and cultural practices that aim to maintain boundaries between distinct racial groups, which can include limiting interracial relationships. The other options (love limitations, rebound racism, marriage assimilation) do not accurately describe this concept.

Question 7

Sociologist Ruth Frankenburg identified a phenomenon referred to as this to capture the white partner's hurt and pain associated with witnessing racism directed at someone they love.

Accepted Answer

Ruth Frankenburg coined the term "rebound racism" to describe the emotional response of the white partner when they witness racism directed at their partner. This term highlights the way that racism not only affects the direct target but also has ripple effects on their loved ones.

Question 8

Researchers have concluded that there is an implicit censorship in regards to black-white interracial couples in Hollywood films. In this context, implicit censorship means:

Accepted Answer

The definition given for implicit censorship is that interracial couples fall outside the realm of being acceptable subjects, which matches with choice C. None of the other choices accurately describe implicit censorship as defined in the context of the study.

Question 9

This term refers to the practice of racially mixed individuals being assigned the status of the subordinate group.

Accepted Answer

The term referring to the practice of racially mixed individuals being assigned the status of the subordinate group is called the "rule of hypodescent." This rule states that if an individual has any amount of minority ancestry, they are classified as a member of that minority group, regardless of any other racial or cultural factors. This results in discrimination against individuals who are racially mixed and reinforces the social hierarchy based on race.

Question 10

The multiracial movement sought to gain public recognition of the multiracial community and to allow them to legally self-identify as biracial/multiracial. These efforts gained legitimacy in which ways?

Accepted Answer

All three choices are correct. In 2000, people were allowed to check more than one racial category on the census, which was a major victory for the multiracial movement. In the 2010 Census, 3% of the population reported more than one race, indicating a growing recognition of the multiracial community. The multiracial movement also impacted the way racial questions are asked on the U.S. Census questionnaire, leading to more options and recognition of the diversity within the population.

Question 11

Native Americans ___________ are raised as white, with little to no knowledge of their Native American history or culture, but later voluntarily reconnect with their Native heritage.

Accepted Answer

The term commonly used for this experience is "reclaimers", as these individuals are intentionally seeking to reclaim their Native American heritage and reconnect with their culture and history after being raised outside of it. The other options, "culture robbers" and "privilege rejecters", do not accurately describe this experience. Option D is a neutral statement that does not answer the question.

Question 12

In 1934, NFL owners began enforcing what was known as this, an unwritten agreement between owners to keep black players out of the league, because of complaints from white players over the lack of jobs.

Accepted Answer

The unwritten agreement between NFL owners to keep black players out of the league was known as the "gentlemen's agreement." This was done in response to complaints from white players about the lack of job opportunities for them.

Question 13

When track star Jesse Owens won four gold medals in one Olympics in 1936 and countered Hitler's race theory, this was an example of:

Accepted Answer

Jesse Owens' achievement of winning four gold medals at the 1936 Olympics was a significant act of resistance to racist ideologies espoused by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime. Owens, an African American athlete, demonstrated through his athletic prowess that racial superiority is nothing more than a baseless and harmful myth. This act of resistance helped to pave the way for racial integration in sports and society at large.

Question 14

This group claims that race is a biological essence and not a social construction.

Accepted Answer

Essentialists believe that race is a biological essence and not a social construction. Scientists may also believe in biological differences between races, but they may not necessarily support the belief that these differences determine a person's abilities or worth. Functionalists and conflict theorists focus more on the social implications and consequences of race, rather than its biological basis.

Question 15

When research respondents discussed sports in ways that reinforced black physical superiority and white mental superiority as explanations for athletic success, they used coded language also known as

Accepted Answer

The term "racetalk" is commonly used to refer to coded language that reinforces racial stereotypes and prejudices. In this case, the research respondents are using language that reinforces the stereotype of black physical superiority and white mental superiority, which is an example of racetalk.

Question 16

Ongoing racism in sports can be found in this practice, which refers to the unequal distribution of whites and blacks in certain sports positions that cannot be explained by random distribution.

Accepted Answer

Stacking refers to the practice of placing players from certain racial or ethnic groups in certain positions while excluding them from others. This practice has been used to limit the opportunities of black athletes in sports such as baseball and basketball.

Question 17

The consequences of concentrating whites in thinking/leadership positions and African Americans in physical positions in sports include:

Accepted Answer

By concentrating whites in thinking/leadership positions and African Americans in physical positions in sports, it reproduces the same racial divide in future coaching and sports management careers. It also reinforces the racial ideology of white intellectual superiority, perpetuating systemic racism. Additionally, individuals playing intercollegiate physical sports often have shorter careers and lower lifetime income compared to those in thinking/leadership positions. All of these consequences contribute to the perpetuation of racial inequities in sports and beyond.

Question 18

Good race/ethnic relations in the military are the result of more than just the increasing interracial contact. Racial integration in the military primarily required:

Accepted Answer

Formal measures like founding the Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute (DEOMI) were crucial in ensuring racial integration and promoting good race/ethnic relations in the military.

Question 19

The integration of the armed forces occurred in two phases. The first, organizational integration, was when:

Accepted Answer

Organizational integration refers to the phase where formal discrimination in recruitment, training, retention, and living arrangements ended, setting the groundwork for more substantive equality measures in the armed forces.

Question 20

Race relations in the military during the Vietnam War were problematic primarily because of:

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed were problems that contributed to race relations issues in the military during the Vietnam War. The absence of blacks in leadership positions limited opportunities for advancement and reinforcement of institutional racism. Hostility toward Black Power activism created tension and distrust among black soldiers and their white counterparts. And white racists in the armed forces exhibited racist behaviors that contributed to a hostile and discriminatory environment.

Quiz 12: Arenas of Racial Integration: Interracial Relationships, Multiracial Families, Biracialmultiracial Identities, Sports, and the Military