Question 1

A patient is admitted to a rehabilitation facility following a stroke. The patient has right-sided paralysis and is unable to speak. The patient will be receiving physical therapy and speech therapy. Which level of preventive care is the patient receiving?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities.

Question 2

A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient's health status. Which area should the nurse assess?

Accepted Answer

Internal variables include a person's developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, and emotional and spiritual factors. External variables influencing a person's health beliefs and practices include family practices, socioeconomic factors, and cultural background.

Question 3

Upon completion of the assessment, the nurse finds that the patient has quit drinking and has been alcohol free for the past 2 years. Which stage $\bold{best}$ describes the nurse's assessment finding?

Accepted Answer

Because the patient has been alcohol free for 2 years, the patient is in the maintenance stage. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), to considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), to making small changes (preparation), to actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance).

Question 4

The nurse is preparing a smoking cessation class for family members of patients with lung cancer. The nurse believes that the class will convert many smokers to nonsmokers once they realize the benefits of not smoking. Which health care model is the nurse following?

Accepted Answer

The health belief model addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors. The holistic health model recognizes the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporates complementary and alternative interventions such as music therapy. The health promotion model focuses on the following three areas: (1) individual characteristics and experiences, (2) behavior-specific knowledge and affect, and (3) behavioral outcomes, in which the patient commits to or changes a behavior. Maslow's' hierarchy of needs is based on the theory that all people share basic human needs, and the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person's level of health.

Question 5

The patient is reporting moderate incisional pain that was not relieved by the last dose of pain medication. The patient is not due for another dose of medication for another 2 1/2 hours. The nurse repositions the patient, asks what type of music the patient likes, and sets the television to the channel playing that type of music. Which health care model is the nurse using?

Accepted Answer

The holistic health model recognizes the natural healing abilities of the body and incorporates complementary and alternative interventions such as music therapy. The health belief model addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors. The health promotion model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The basic human needs model believes that the extent to which basic needs are met is a major factor in determining a person's level of health. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a model that nurses use to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs.

Question 6

The nurse is working in a drug rehabilitation clinic and is in the process of admitting a patient for "detox." What should the nurse do next?

Accepted Answer

The nurse should identify the stage of change and assess where the patient is currently in this situation. To be most effective, nursing interventions should match the stage of change. The nurse cannot realize the patient is ready for change because only a minority of people are actually in the action stage of changing. While teaching that choices will have to change, it will follow later after the nurse has determined which stage the person is in. As individuals attempt a change in behavior, relapse followed by recycling through the stages occurs frequently.

Question 7

Upon completing a history, the nurse finds that a patient has risk factors for lung disease. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

Accepted Answer

The presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factors increase the chances that the individual will experience a particular disease or dysfunction. Control of risk factors does not guarantee that a disease will not develop. However, risk factor modification can assist patients in adopting activities to promote health and decrease risks of illness.

Question 8

A nurse is using Maslow's hierarchy to prioritize care for an anxious patient that is not eating and will not see family members. Which area should the nurse address $\bold{first}$?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow, in all cases an emergent physiological need takes precedence over a higher-level need. Nutrition is a physiological need and should be addressed first. Anxiety, mental health, and not seeing family members are all higher-level needs.

Question 9

The nurse is working in a clinic that is designed to provide health education and immunizations. Which type of preventive care is the nurse providing?

Accepted Answer

Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Primary prevention includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities. Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration. While risk factor modification is an integral component of health promotion, it is not a type of preventive care.

Question 10

A patient has had emphysema (lung disease) for many years. When approached by the nurse, the patient states "I would be better off dead." The patient supports the family, and now because of oxygen dependency the patient must quit work. The patient's spouse will have to go to work. Which action should the nurse take?

Accepted Answer

Because of the effects of chronic illness, family dynamics often change. The nurse must view the whole family as a patient under stress, planning care to help the family regain its maximal level of functioning and well-being. Psychiatric services may be a part of that plan but do not represent the entire plan. Offering false assurance is never acceptable. Focusing only on the patient will not help the family adjust.

Question 11

A nurse is teaching about the transtheoretical model of change. In which order will the nurse place the progression of the stages from beginning to end?
1) Action
2) Preparation
3) Maintenance
4) Contemplation
5) Precontemplation

Accepted Answer

The stages of change in the transtheoretical model of change include five stages. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), making small changes (preparation), and actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance stage).

Question 12

A nurse is teaching about the goals of Healthy People 2020. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session?

Accepted Answer

The nurse should include eliminating health disparities in America. Healthy People 2020 promotes a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. There are four overarching goals: (1) attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death; (2) achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups; (3) create social and physical environments that promote good health for all; and (4) promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

Question 13

A nurse is following the goals of Healthy People 2020 to provide care. Which action should the nurse take?

Accepted Answer

Healthy People 2020 includes four goals, one of which is to create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. The goals do not include continuing current behaviors to reduce stress, focusing only on health changes for communities, or focusing on fast recuperation.

Question 14

The nurse is caring for a patient who has been trying to quit smoking. The patient has been smoke free for 2 weeks but had two cigarettes last night and at least two this morning. What should the nurse anticipate?

Accepted Answer

When relapse occurs, the person will return to the contemplation or precontemplation stage before attempting the change again. The patient cannot pick up the attempt where left off. It is believed that change involves movement through a series of stages (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance). Anticipating that the patient does not want to and will never quit is premature. While the patient will need to adopt a new lifestyle for change to be effective, it does not correlate to this scenario since the patient relapsed.

Question 15

The nurse is admitting a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It is the fourth time the patient is being admitted in the last 6 months for high blood sugars. During the admission process, the nurse asks the patient about employment status and displays a nonjudgmental attitude. What is the rationale for the nurse's actions?

Accepted Answer

A person's compliance with treatment is affected by economic status. A person tends to give a higher priority to food and shelter than to costly drugs or treatments. External variables can have a major impact on compliance. Employment status is an external variable, not an internal variable. A person generally seeks approval and support from social networks, and this desire for approval affects health beliefs and practices; noncompliance does not occur from thriving on disapproval of authority figures.

Question 16

A nurse is using the World Health Organization definition of health to provide care. Which area will the nurse focus on while providing care?

Accepted Answer

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a "state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Therefore, nurses' attitudes toward health and illness should consider the total person, as well as the environment in which the person lives. All people free of disease are not necessarily healthy. Strictly personal and a focus only on pathological states do not correlate to WHO's definition.

Question 17

A female patient has been overweight for most of her life. She has tried dieting in the past and has lost weight, only to regain it when she stopped dieting. The patient is visiting the weight loss clinic/health club because she has decided to do it. She states that she will join right after the holidays, in 3 months. Which stage is the patient displaying?

Accepted Answer

This patient is planning to make the change within the next 6 months and is in the contemplation stage. These stages range from no intention to change (precontemplation), to considering a change within the next 6 months (contemplation), to making small changes (preparation), to actively engaging in strategies to change behavior (action), to maintaining a changed behavior (maintenance).

Question 18

The patient had a colostomy placed 1 week ago. When approached by the nurse, the patient and spouse refuse to talk about it and refuse to be taught about how to care for it. How will the nurse evaluate this couple's stage of adjustment?

Accepted Answer

As the patient and family recognize the reality of a change, they become anxious and may withdraw, refusing to discuss it. This is an adaptive coping mechanism that assists the patient in making the adjustment. Initially, the patient may be shocked by the change. This is followed by withdrawal, acknowledgment, acceptance, and rehabilitation (ready to adapt to the change through use of colostomy bag).

Question 19

The patient is admitted to the emergency department of the local hospital from home with reports of chest discomfort and shortness of breath. The patient is placed on oxygen, has labs and blood gases drawn, and is given an electrocardiogram and breathing treatments. Which level of preventive care is this patient receiving?

Accepted Answer

Secondary prevention focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions. Activities are directed at diagnosis and prompt intervention. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to people considered physically and emotionally healthy. Health promotion includes health education programs, immunizations, and physical and nutritional fitness activities for healthy people. Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. It involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability through interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration.

Question 20

The nurse is working on a committee to evaluate the need for increasing the levels of fluoride in the drinking water of the community. Which concept is the nurse fostering?

Accepted Answer

Fluoridation of municipal drinking water and fortification of homogenized milk with vitamin D are examples of passive health promotion strategies. With active strategies of health promotion, individuals are motivated to adopt specific health programs such as weight reduction and smoking cessation programs. Illness prevention activities such as immunization programs protect patients from actual or potential threats to health. Wellness education teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy way.

Quiz 6: Health and Wellness

A patient is admitted to a rehabilitation facility following a stroke. The patient has right-sided paralysis and is unable to speak. The patient will be receiving physical therapy and speech therapy. Which level of preventive care is the patient receiving?

A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient's health status. Which area should the nurse assess?

Upon completion of the assessment, the nurse finds that the patient has quit drinking and has been alcohol free for the past 2 years. Which stage $\bold{best}$ describes the nurse's assessment finding?

The nurse is preparing a smoking cessation class for family members of patients with lung cancer. The nurse believes that the class will convert many smokers to nonsmokers once they realize the benefits of not smoking. Which health care model is the nurse following?

The nurse is working in a drug rehabilitation clinic and is in the process of admitting a patient for "detox." What should the nurse do next?

Upon completing a history, the nurse finds that a patient has risk factors for lung disease. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

A nurse is using Maslow's hierarchy to prioritize care for an anxious patient that is not eating and will not see family members. Which area should the nurse address $\bold{first}$ ?

The nurse is working in a clinic that is designed to provide health education and immunizations. Which type of preventive care is the nurse providing?

A nurse is teaching about the transtheoretical model of change. In which order will the nurse place the progression of the stages from beginning to end? 1) Action 2) Preparation 3) Maintenance 4) Contemplation 5) Precontemplation

A nurse is teaching about the goals of Healthy People 2020. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session?

A nurse is following the goals of Healthy People 2020 to provide care. Which action should the nurse take?

The nurse is caring for a patient who has been trying to quit smoking. The patient has been smoke free for 2 weeks but had two cigarettes last night and at least two this morning. What should the nurse anticipate?

A nurse is using the World Health Organization definition of health to provide care. Which area will the nurse focus on while providing care?

The patient had a colostomy placed 1 week ago. When approached by the nurse, the patient and spouse refuse to talk about it and refuse to be taught about how to care for it. How will the nurse evaluate this couple's stage of adjustment?

The nurse is working on a committee to evaluate the need for increasing the levels of fluoride in the drinking water of the community. Which concept is the nurse fostering?

Quiz 6: Health and Wellness

A patient is admitted to a rehabilitation facility following a stroke. The patient has right-sided paralysis and is unable to speak. The patient will be receiving physical therapy and speech therapy. Which level of preventive care is the patient receiving?

A nurse is assessing internal variables that are affecting the patient's health status. Which area should the nurse assess?

Upon completion of the assessment, the nurse finds that the patient has quit drinking and has been alcohol free for the past 2 years. Which stage best\bold{best}best describes the nurse's assessment finding?

The nurse is preparing a smoking cessation class for family members of patients with lung cancer. The nurse believes that the class will convert many smokers to nonsmokers once they realize the benefits of not smoking. Which health care model is the nurse following?

The nurse is working in a drug rehabilitation clinic and is in the process of admitting a patient for "detox." What should the nurse do next?

Upon completing a history, the nurse finds that a patient has risk factors for lung disease. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

A nurse is using Maslow's hierarchy to prioritize care for an anxious patient that is not eating and will not see family members. Which area should the nurse address first\bold{first}first ?

The nurse is working in a clinic that is designed to provide health education and immunizations. Which type of preventive care is the nurse providing?

A nurse is teaching about the transtheoretical model of change. In which order will the nurse place the progression of the stages from beginning to end? 1) Action 2) Preparation 3) Maintenance 4) Contemplation 5) Precontemplation

A nurse is teaching about the goals of Healthy People 2020. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching session?

A nurse is following the goals of Healthy People 2020 to provide care. Which action should the nurse take?

The nurse is caring for a patient who has been trying to quit smoking. The patient has been smoke free for 2 weeks but had two cigarettes last night and at least two this morning. What should the nurse anticipate?

A nurse is using the World Health Organization definition of health to provide care. Which area will the nurse focus on while providing care?

The patient had a colostomy placed 1 week ago. When approached by the nurse, the patient and spouse refuse to talk about it and refuse to be taught about how to care for it. How will the nurse evaluate this couple's stage of adjustment?

The nurse is working on a committee to evaluate the need for increasing the levels of fluoride in the drinking water of the community. Which concept is the nurse fostering?

Upon completion of the assessment, the nurse finds that the patient has quit drinking and has been alcohol free for the past 2 years. Which stage $\bold{best}$ describes the nurse's assessment finding?

A nurse is using Maslow's hierarchy to prioritize care for an anxious patient that is not eating and will not see family members. Which area should the nurse address $\bold{first}$ ?