According to Massey and Denton, what has contributed most to the prevalence of Black poverty and has had the most detrimental effect on racial relationships in the United States?

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Massey and Denton argue that the Black ghetto - the concentration of impoverished Black populations in certain geographic areas - has contributed most to the prevalence of Black poverty and has had the most detrimental effect on racial relationships in the United States. They contend that government policies such as redlining and discriminatory housing practices, as well as systemic racism and white flight, have reinforced and perpetuated the existence of these ghettos.

According to Massey and Denton, What Has Contributed Most to the Prevalence