Question 1

ADHD is characterized by ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

ADHD is primarily characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention (such as difficulty focusing on tasks or following through on instructions) and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity (such as fidgeting, interrupting others, or acting without thinking). Option A and C are only partially correct, while option D focuses on a single symptom rather than the overall presentation of ADHD.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ADHD?

Accepted Answer

In many cases, ADHD symptoms do dissipate by early adulthood. While it is true that ADHD can be diagnosed in late childhood (option A), approximately 5% of adults also have ADHD. Option C is close, but the actual prevalence of ADHD in children under 10 is around 5.4%, not 8%. Finally, option D is true; ADHD frequently occurs with other behavioral disorders, such as anxiety or conduct disorder. However, it is not the only true statement, as option B is also accurate.

Question 3

All of the following behaviors would be consistent with an ADHD diagnosis EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Excessive concentration on a single task is not consistent with an ADHD diagnosis. In fact, individuals with ADHD often struggle with sustaining attention on tasks and may become easily distracted.

Question 4

The underlying pathology of ADHD involves

Accepted Answer

The underlying pathology of ADHD involves all of the above: cortical hypoarousal, reticular activating system abnormalities, and depressed dopamine activity in the frontal cortices. These factors contribute to the core symptoms of ADHD, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Question 5

Quantitative EEG studies of children affected by ADHD reveals

Accepted Answer

Quantitative EEG studies of children affected by ADHD reveal hypoarousal of most cortical areas. This means there is a decreased level of cortical activity, which is thought to contribute to the characteristic symptoms of ADHD such as inattention and impulsivity. Choice A is incorrect because hyperarousal of the cortex is not typically observed in ADHD, and choice B is incorrect because hyperarousal of the motor systems is not a characteristic feature of ADHD either.

Question 6

In normal individuals, the predominant EEG pattern during wakefulness is ________, whereas in individuals with ADHD it is ________.

Accepted Answer

In normal individuals, the predominant EEG pattern during wakefulness is beta waves which occur at a frequency of 14-30Hz whereas in individuals with ADHD it is theta waves which occur at a frequency of 4-8Hz.

Question 7

Cortical hypoarousal accounts for

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cortical hypoarousal accounts for
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Question 8

Attentional regulation involves

Accepted Answer

Attentional regulation involves focusing on specific sensory information and ignoring irrelevant information. This requires the ability to attend appropriately to specific sensory information while filtering out distractions. Neural activation of appropriate sensory cortices and receiving sufficient sensory information from receptors are important for perception, but they do not necessarily involve attentional regulation. Activation of the sensory thalamus is also important for sensory processing, but it is not specific to attentional regulation.

Question 9

In individuals with ADHD, the thalamic reticular nucleus

Accepted Answer

The answer of In individuals with ADHD, the thalamic reticular...

Question 10

The excessive activity observed in ADHD appears to be

Accepted Answer

Studies have suggested that the hyperactivity observed in ADHD may be an attempt to self-stimulate an underactivated cortex. This is supported by the fact that stimulant medications, which increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, are effective in treating ADHD symptoms.

Question 11

The dopamine-deficit theory of ADHD proposes that

Accepted Answer

The dopamine-deficit theory of ADHD suggests that dopamine deficits in the caudate nucleus and frontal cortex may contribute to cortical hypoarousal. This theory proposes that ADHD is not caused by dopamine deficiencies throughout the brain but rather specific regions in the brain that affect attention and impulse control.

Question 12

Evidence supporting the dopamine-deficit theory of ADHD includes finding

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with ADHD often have an increased expression of dopamine transporters in the caudate nucleus, which can lead to reduced dopamine availability in synaptic spaces, supporting the dopamine-deficit theory of ADHD.

Question 13

The most widely used assessment scale for measuring treatment outcomes for ADHD is the

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most widely used assessment scale for...

Question 14

A more objective assessment of ADHD that measures changes in cortical activity following treatment involves

Accepted Answer

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and EEG (electroencephalogram) both measure changes in cortical activity and can offer a more objective assessment of ADHD. Connor's Global Index, on the other hand, is a behavioral rating scale completed by parents and teachers to assess ADHD symptoms and may not provide the same level of objective measurement as neuroimaging techniques. Therefore, choice D is the best answer as it includes both fMRI and EEG as options for objective assessment.

Question 15

Which of the following was NOT a conclusion from the NIMH's study of treatment options for ADHD?

Accepted Answer

The NIMH study did not conclude that intensive behavioral treatment was far superior to induced stimulant medication. In fact, the study found that a combination of medication and behavioral treatment was the most effective approach for treating ADHD.

Question 16

Amphetamines increase the availability of DA by

Accepted Answer

Amphetamines work by increasing the release of both norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) from synaptic vesicles, blocking the reuptake transporter of NE, and causing the transporters for DA to act in reverse. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 17

Amphetamines cause a(n) ________ in cortical arousal by increasing ________.

Accepted Answer

Amphetamines increase both cortical dopamine activity and NE activity in the reticular activating system, leading to an overall increase in cortical arousal.

Question 18

NE pathways originate in the ________ and project along the ________.

Accepted Answer

NE pathways originate in the locus coeruleus and project along the reticular activating system, which is involved in regulating wakefulness and arousal.

Question 19

Which of the following is a legitimate concern about using amphetamines to treat ADHD?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a legitimate...

Question 20

An amphetamine overdose

Accepted Answer

An amphetamine overdose can induce amphetamine psychosis, which is a serious condition characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia. Chronic insomnia is a possible side effect of long-term amphetamine use, but it is not directly caused by an overdose. Parkinson's disease is not commonly associated with amphetamine use or overdose. While an amphetamine overdose is not common, it can still occur and can be life-threatening.

Quiz 6: Attention and Developmental Disorders: Attention-Deficithyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder

ADHD is characterized by and .