Question 1

How did the Ottoman Empire assert its economic independence at the start of World War I?

Accepted Answer

All of these answers are correct. The CUP leadership renounced the Capitulations, which had allowed foreign powers to maintain economic control over the Ottoman Empire. Foreign enterprises were brought under Ottoman jurisdiction and made subject to Ottoman taxes, which strengthened the Ottoman economy. Protectionist tariffs were also established, which further protected Ottoman industries and promoted economic independence.

Question 2

In the early twentieth century, more women entering the civil service and other mainstream professions was a result of ______________.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true of Sharif Husayn ibn Ali?

Accepted Answer

Sharif Husayn ibn Ali did not hold an official position in the Ottoman government. In fact, he was in conflict with the Ottoman Empire and ultimately rebelled against them, leading the Arab Revolt in 1916. However, he was the amir of Mecca and responsible for maintaining the sanctity of the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina.

Question 4

The Hijaz is now in which country?

Accepted Answer

The Hijaz is located in Saudi Arabia. It is a region in the western part of the country that includes the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina.

Question 5

The agreements signed among the Entente powers during World War I did all of the following except _____________________.

Accepted Answer

The agreements signed among the Entente powers during World War I, such as the Sykes-Picot Agreement, primarily focused on dividing territories among themselves and did not adequately take into consideration the needs or aspirations of their Arab allies. These agreements often ignored promises made to Arab leaders in exchange for their support against the Ottoman Empire.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is not true of the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

Accepted Answer

The Sykes-Picot Agreement did not recognize the independent Arab state exactly as it was proposed to Sharif Husayn ibn Ali, but instead divided the Arab territories among Britain and France as spheres of influence.

Question 7

Post-World War I, the Arab lands of the Ottoman Empire were partitioned into _______________.

Accepted Answer

The territories were partitioned into mandates, which were administered by European powers.

Question 8

Faysal's Syrian kingdom operated under which of the following orientations?

Accepted Answer

Faysal's Syrian kingdom operated under the orientation of Pan-Arabism, which emphasized the unity and cooperation among all Arab-speaking countries and the promotion of Arab nationalism.

Question 9

Which Middle Eastern country was never ruled by a foreign power?

Accepted Answer

Saudi Arabia was never colonized by a foreign power, as its borders were established through a series of agreements and treaties rather than through conquest or colonization. Yemen was ruled by the Ottoman Empire and then the British Empire, Lebanon was ruled by the Ottoman Empire and the French Mandate, and Iraq was ruled by the Ottoman Empire and then the British Empire.

Question 10

Certain patterns of Ottoman-style political and social attitudes prevailed in the postwar era because those who retained positions of influence in the new mandate states were __________________.

Accepted Answer

The Ottoman Empire had a strong centralized government which relied heavily on their military and civil servants to enforce their policies. Therefore, the individuals who retained power and influence in the new mandate states were likely to be former Ottoman civil servants and military officers. Local notables may have also had some influence, but they would not have had the same level of institutional knowledge and experience as those who worked under the Ottoman Empire. Thus, all the options are plausible answers.

Question 11

Which of the following points was included in the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

Accepted Answer

The Sykes-Picot Agreement, a secret 1916 treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from Russia, outlined their respective spheres of influence and control in the Middle East should the Triple Entente succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I. It recognized France's "direct control" over the Syrian coast and areas to the northwest including Lebanon, but not the other options listed.

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the Arab Revolt?

Accepted Answer

The Arab Revolt was not a widespread popular uprising; it was primarily led by Sharif Husayn and his tribal forces, with support from the British, rather than a mass movement of the Arab population against the Ottoman Empire.

Question 13

Who became known by inhabitants of Greater Syria as al-Saffah (the Blood Shedder)?

Accepted Answer

Jamal Pasha earned the nickname "al-Saffah" or "the Blood Shedder" among the inhabitants of Greater Syria due to his harsh and brutal measures, including executions and repression, during World War I as part of the Ottoman Empire's efforts to suppress Arab nationalism and dissent.

Question 14

Britain rushed to protect the Persian Gulf at the start of World War I because it was crucial for protecting which imperial concern?

Accepted Answer

Britain had longstanding interests in India and saw control of the Persian Gulf as crucial for protecting these interests. The Gulf provided a key route to India and gave Britain access to valuable resources, such as oil, that were needed for the war effort. The protection of the Suez Canal was also important, but not the primary reason for Britain's rush to the Persian Gulf.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Gallipoli campaign?

Accepted Answer

The statement that the British quickly overran Ottoman defenses and opened Entente supply lines to Russia via the Black Sea is not true. In fact, the campaign was a stalemate for months and both sides suffered heavy casualties. The campaign ended in January 1916 with the evacuation of British and French forces.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of the Balfour Declaration?

Accepted Answer

The Balfour Declaration did not mention or call for the creation of Transjordan.

Question 17

Which of the following were entailed in the Treaty of Sevres?

Accepted Answer

All of these were entailed in the Treaty of Sevres. Greece received Thrace as a result, the straits between the Black and Mediterranean seas were removed from Istanbul's authority and placed under the jurisdiction of an international commission, and France and Italy won spheres of influence in Anatolia.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT accurate concerning the doctrine of Arabism?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT accurate...

Question 19

Which is true of Armenian relations with the Ottoman Empire during WWI?

Accepted Answer

All of these statements regarding Ottoman-Armenian interaction are true. The Ottoman Empire carried out forced evacuations of Armenians resulting in many deaths, as well as deeming all Armenians a threat to internal security due to accusations of collaboration with Russians. As a result of policies enacted during WWI, as many as 1 million Armenian civilians died.

Question 20

Which of these is true of Transjordan?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements accurately describe Transjordan. Transjordan was carved out as a state by Britain, was led by a Hashimite ruler, and was the result of a British attempt to appease Sharif Husayn's family after the French takeover of Syria.

Quiz 9: World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order