Question 1

The standards for conducting an arrest may create exposure for civil liability for a police officer under which of the following constitutional provisions?

Accepted Answer

The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures, and sets standards for making arrests. If a police officer does not meet these standards, they may be exposed to civil liability for violating a citizen's constitutional rights. The other constitutional provisions listed (First Amendment, Fifth Amendment, and Eighth Amendment) do not directly relate to standards for conducting an arrest.

Question 2

To carry out an arrest, the officer must meet which burden of proof?

Accepted Answer

To carry out an arrest, the officer must have probable cause. This means that they must have enough evidence and facts to believe that the individual committed a crime or is about to commit a crime. This is a lower burden of proof than "proof beyond a reasonable doubt," which is the standard required for a conviction in a criminal trial. "Clear and convincing evidence" is a higher standard of proof than probable cause and is often used in civil cases. "Mere suspicion" is not enough to justify an arrest.

Question 3

A recent study of police pursuits found that _____ percent of responding large police agencies (100 or more officers) had no written policy on allowing and restricting officers from pursuing fleeing motorists.

Accepted Answer

A recent study found that only 3 percent of large police agencies lacked a written policy on pursuits, indicating that the vast majority have formal guidelines in place.

Question 4

The U.S. Supreme Court has established which standard of analysis as being most appropriate for police pursuit cases aimed at apprehending a suspect with no intent to cause physical harm?

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Supreme Court has established the "shocks the conscience" standard as most appropriate for evaluating police pursuit cases where there is no intent to cause physical harm, focusing on whether the officer's conduct was egregious or outrageous.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a valid cause of action for failure to protect claim against law enforcement?

Accepted Answer

Failure to protect a person in police custody is a valid cause of action for a failure to protect claim against law enforcement. This can include failure to prevent harm from other inmates or excessive force by police officers. The other options listed (A and B) are not specific to law enforcement and can apply to a variety of situations.

Question 6

Studies have suggested that ________ percent of victimizations are reported to police.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies have suggested that ________ percent of...

Question 7

Of those domestic incidents in which a report is made to police _____percent of cases result in a victim or household member signing a criminal complaint against the accused.

Accepted Answer

48 percent of cases result in a victim or household member signing a criminal complaint against the accused.

Question 8

Females are victimized in violent crimes in what proportion to males as victims?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Females are victimized in violent crimes in...

Question 9

Searches are performed for what purpose?

Accepted Answer

Searches can be conducted for different purposes including discovering contraband, fruits of a crime, or evidence related to a crime. Therefore, option D, which includes all of the above options, is the best choice.

Question 10

What is a definition of a lawful search?

Accepted Answer

A lawful search is any governmental intrusion into a person's reasonable and justifiable expectation of privacy. This means that the search must be reasonable, both in its scope and its justification, and must not violate the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government, and requires that searches and seizures be conducted only with a warrant based upon probable cause, or with specific exceptions to the warrant requirement.

Question 11

Terry v. Ohio (1968) found that an officer could stop and frisk a subject under what circumstances?

Accepted Answer

Terry v. Ohio found that an officer could stop and frisk a subject under both circumstances: (A) the officer has reasonable and articulable suspicion that the person has or is about to commit a crime and (B) the officer has reasonable and articulable suspicion that the person is armed and dangerous.

Question 12

The failure to bring a person who is in custody before a judge for a probable cause determination within 48 hours pursuant to County of Riverside v. McLaughlin (1991) may give rise to a civil cause of action for false arrest.

Accepted Answer

According to County of Riverside v. McLaughlin (1991), the failure to bring a person in custody before a judge for a probable cause determination within 48 hours is a violation of the Fourth Amendment and may give rise to a civil cause of action for false arrest.

Question 13

Shooting a driver with the intention of stopping the person who has posed a grave risk of causing death or serious injury by his driving is a seizure under the Fourth Amendment and must be assessed under the reasonableness clause.

Accepted Answer

Shooting a driver would constitute the use of deadly force, which is a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. The reasonableness of such action would need to be assessed under the Fourth Amendment's reasonableness clause, which requires a balancing of the government's interest against the intrusiveness of the seizure.

Question 14

The police generally have a duty to protect persons from domestic violence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The police generally have a duty to...

Question 15

Orders of protection (also called protective or restraining orders) are a criminal remedy designed to protect victims of domestic violence.

Accepted Answer

Orders of protection are a legal remedy issued by a court to protect individuals from being harmed or harassed by another person. They are not inherently criminal but can be part of both civil and criminal legal proceedings.

Quiz 12: Section 1983 Actions in Law Enforcement