Suppose that Bobbie gets caught cheating on a test and is put on probation. Now that Bobbie, who is an "A" student and has always been considered smart by her friends, has been formally labeled as a "cheater," her friends start questioning her intellectual abilities. Moreover, they talk among themselves and agree that Bobbie's high GPA is probably the result of chronic cheating. Bobbie's friends have engaged in:

Question

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Bobbie's friends are engaging in retrospective labeling by applying a negative label ("cheater") to her and then using that to reinterpret her past behavior and achievements. They are assuming that her high GPA must have been the result of cheating rather than her intelligence and hard work.

Suppose That Bobbie Gets Caught Cheating on a Test and Is