Negative attitudes toward African Americans (implicit/unconscious and explicit/conscious, in the form of symbolic racism) decreased substantially between 2008 and 2012.

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Studies and surveys, such as those conducted by the Pew Research Center and other social science research, have shown that while there might have been some fluctuations in attitudes towards African Americans between 2008 and 2012, the period did not see a substantial decrease in negative attitudes, especially when considering both implicit/unconscious biases and explicit/conscious forms of symbolic racism. The election and presidency of Barack Obama during this period highlighted and, in some cases, may have even exacerbated racial attitudes, rather than significantly reducing negative views.

Negative Attitudes Toward African Americans (Implicit/unconscious and Explicit/conscious, in the Form