Question 1

Full-face and profile photographs of a person arrested for an offense are commonly known as

Accepted Answer

Full-face and profile photographs of a person arrested for an offense are commonly known as "mug shots".

Question 2

According to the text, regardless of the classification scheme that is used in developing an offender's mug shot file, the primary success of the file depends on the

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

In the case of ___________________, the Supreme Court approved displaying only six photographs to a witness when using the Rogues Gallery to view mug shots.

Accepted Answer

In Simmons v. United States, the Supreme Court approved the practice of displaying only six photographs to a witness when using the Rogues Gallery to view mug shots, recognizing it as a necessary and acceptable method for identifying suspects.

Question 4

If viewing the mug shot files does not produce an identification of an offender, the next step is to

Accepted Answer

Using a police artist or composite image kits may help create a likeness of the offender, and may lead to a positive identification. Having the witness submit to hypnosis or waiting for the offender to commit another crime may not be feasible options, while closing the investigation may not be productive. Performing random lineups is not recommended, as it may lead to false identifications.

Question 5

After a suspect has been apprehended and there is an eyewitness to the crime, the next appropriate step in the identification process is the

Accepted Answer

The investigatory lineup is the next appropriate step in the identification process after a suspect has been apprehended and there is an eyewitness to the crime. In an investigatory lineup, the eyewitness is presented with a lineup of suspects to identify the perpetrator of the crime. This helps to establish the suspect's guilt or innocence and provides evidence for the prosecution in a criminal trial. The booking process, arraignment, and interrogation of the suspect may happen before or after the investigatory lineup.

Question 6

According to the authors, a suspect's refusal to appear in a lineup for identification purposes can be remedied by

Accepted Answer

Using a pictorial identification is a viable alternative to a lineup and does not require the suspect's physical presence. It involves showing the witness a set of photographs, which may include a photograph of the suspect, and asking the witness to identify the perpetrator. This can be done without the suspect's cooperation or approval.

Question 7

The U.S. Supreme Court has indicated that "the _________ Amendment does not grant the right to counsel at photographic displays conducted by the government for the purpose of allowing a witness to attempt an identification of the offender."

Accepted Answer

The right to counsel is granted by the Sixth Amendment, but the Supreme Court has ruled that it does not extend to photographic displays conducted by the government for witness identifications. The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, the Fifth Amendment protects against self-incrimination, the Eighth Amendment protects against cruel and unusual punishment, and the Fourteenth Amendment addresses citizenship and equal protection under the law.

Question 8

Although inherently suggestive, an identification procedure known as a(n) ______________ is utilized by bringing a suspect back to the crime scene or presenting a suspect to each eyewitness separately.

Accepted Answer

The description provided matches the show-up identification procedure, which involves presenting a suspect to the eyewitnesses individually and potentially back at the crime scene. Choice A (lineup) involves presenting a group of individuals to the eyewitnesses at once, while choices C and D (dying declaration and immediate identification) are not related to identification procedures involving suspects.

Question 9

According to the authors, in the absence of forensic evidence, the two most compelling kinds of evidence presented to a jury are the

Accepted Answer

Signed confessions and eyewitness identifications are considered highly persuasive to juries, as they directly implicate the defendant in the crime.

Question 10

In a case involving damaging eyewitness testimony, the defense may request that a trial judge give jurors __________________ to assist them in evaluating the testimony.

Accepted Answer

The defense may request special instructions from the trial judge to help jurors properly evaluate the damaging eyewitness testimony. These instructions can provide guidance on factors such as the reliability of eyewitness testimony and the potential for errors or biases to influence the witness's account. This can help jurors to more accurately assess the weight and credibility of the testimony. The other options (B, C, D, E) may not be relevant or appropriate in addressing the issue of damaging eyewitness testimony.

Question 11

The methods employed to identify an offender before an arrest are similar to the methods of identifying an offender after an arrest.

Accepted Answer

The methods used to identify an offender before an arrest often involve investigation techniques such as surveillance, witness interviews, and forensic analysis, while methods after an arrest may include fingerprinting, DNA testing, and formal identification procedures.

Question 12

File administrators must develop systems that permit display of only those photographs of likely offenders to case investigators and eyewitnesses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of File administrators must develop systems that permit...

Question 13

Police officers should not offer an opinion to the witness viewing the mug shots as to which person in the mug shot display may have committed the crime.

Accepted Answer

Police officers should remain neutral and unbiased when presenting mug shots to a witness in order to avoid influencing their identification. It is important for the witness to make their own independent identification without any suggestion or guidance from the officers.

Question 14

According to the text, all of the witnesses of a crime should be permitted to view the mug shot display at one time.

Accepted Answer

According to the text, witnesses should view the mug shots individually to prevent influencing each other's identification of the suspect.

Question 15

A mug shot identification yields a lesser quantity of information than does identification from a sketch or composite image.

Accepted Answer

Mug shots provide actual photographs of suspects, offering more precise and detailed information about their appearance compared to sketches or composite images, which are based on witnesses' recollections and can be more subjective or less accurate.

Question 16

The investigatory lineup is generally preferred over any other eyewitness identification procedure.

Accepted Answer

The investigatory lineup is generally preferred over any other eyewitness identification procedure because it is considered to be the most reliable and accurate method of identifying a suspect.

Question 17

It is not necessarily important that a lineup is conducted as soon as possible after the apprehension of a suspect.

Accepted Answer

Conducting a lineup soon after apprehension is important to ensure the witness's memory is fresh and to reduce the risk of memory contamination or fading.

Question 18

According to the text, police should exercise utmost care in selecting individuals who will participate in a lineup identification.

Accepted Answer

The text states that police should exercise utmost care in selecting individuals who will participate in a lineup identification.

Question 19

The Supreme Court has ruled that a suspect does have the right to have an attorney present when an identification procedure such as a photo display, composite image, or sketch is employed.

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court has not ruled that suspects have the right to have an attorney present during identification procedures such as photo displays, composite images, or sketches. The right to counsel primarily applies to post-charge lineups and other critical stages of the prosecution, not these pre-charge identification methods.

Question 20

According to the authors, a one-on-one confrontation should be used as an identification procedure only when a situation arises in which a proper lineup cannot be arranged quickly.

Accepted Answer

The authors suggest that a one-on-one confrontation should only be used when a lineup cannot be arranged quickly.

Quiz 6: Eyewitness Identification