Question 1

A discipline's ________ informs its scholars of the fundamental categories of reality within its domain, and its ___________ defines how they should discover more about them.

Accepted Answer

Ontology refers to the study of existence and the fundamental categories of reality within a particular domain or discipline. Epistemology, on the other hand, is concerned with how knowledge is acquired and the processes used to discover more about these fundamental categories. Therefore, in this context, ontology informs scholars of the fundamental categories of reality within a discipline, while epistemology defines how they should discover more about them.

Question 2

The nature of existence or being is a question of:

Accepted Answer

The nature of existence or being pertains to the study of ontology, which is a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of reality and existence. Ideology refers to a set of beliefs or principles, tautology is a type of statement that is true by definition, and epistemology deals with knowledge and belief.

Question 3

With Kant, _________ asserts that the conceptual categories by which we organize the universe do not correspond to any inherent structure of the universe, but rather they are products of the human mind

Accepted Answer

Nominalism is the philosophical view that abstract concepts and general terms have no corresponding reality in the physical world and exist only as mental constructs. This aligns with Kant's view that categories do not correspond to inherent structures of the universe but rather are products of the human mind. Formalism emphasizes the importance of form over content, while realism posits that objects exist independent of our perception of them. Essentialism proposes that objects have an inherent essence or nature that defines them. None of these align as closely with Kant's views as nominalism.

Question 4

Who views all subjects or objects named as unique representations of the world?

Accepted Answer

Extreme realists believe that all objects and subjects have unique representations in the world, independent of human perception or thought.

Question 5

Strong ___________ tend to adopt a nominalist position without necessarily being aware that they are doing so, because they disdain quantitative generalizing accounts and embrace qualitative specificity.

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that individuals who favor qualitative specificity and reject quantitative generalizing accounts tend to adopt a nominalist position, without necessarily knowing they are doing so. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is anti-essentialists who reject the notion of essentialism and believe that there are no inherent properties or qualities of an object or entity.

Question 6

Both Plato and Aristotle were __________ about universals, although their ideas about them were radically different.

Accepted Answer

Both Plato and Aristotle were realists in their views on universals, meaning they believed that universals have a real existence either in the physical world or in a separate realm of forms (in the case of Plato).

Question 7

__________ maintain that to make use of universals such as humanness we ignore individual differences such as gender, color, size, age, and so on.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ maintain that to make use of...

Question 8

____________ universal abstractions, such as humanness, femaleness, strength, and intelligence, are qualities we ascribe to humans, and thus human beings must exist before we can realistically talk about things that describe them.

Accepted Answer

Aristotle's philosophy emphasizes the importance of concrete reality and individual substances, arguing that abstract concepts must be grounded in the existence of tangible entities.

Question 9

According to the text, the ontological position of labeling theorists is weak:

Accepted Answer

Labeling theorists reject the essentialist perspective and instead adhere to nominalism, which states that categories and labels are socially constructed and cannot fully capture the complexity of human behavior.

Question 10

According to the text, why do many older self-report crime surveys provide a highly distorted picture of criminal activity?

Accepted Answer

The text states that older self-report crime surveys provide a distorted picture of criminal activity because they often inquired about trivial acts, surveyed high-school and college students, and lumped single offenders with repeat offenders. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 11

In self-report studies, those with a criminal history:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals with a criminal history have a tendency to under-report their past criminal behavior in self-report studies. This is due to a variety of factors such as fear of repercussions and desire to present themselves in a better light.

Question 12

the most dramatic advances in science have typically come from:

Accepted Answer

Technological advancements often enable new scientific discoveries by providing new tools and methods for experimentation and observation.

Question 13

Nominalist philosophers claim the reality of abstract universals and the usefulness of generalities.

Accepted Answer

Nominalist philosophers argue that abstract universals do not exist in reality, and therefore do not accept their reality or usefulness.

Question 14

Labeling theory distinguishes between primary deviance resulting from society's reaction and secondary deviance consisting of the nonconforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities.

Accepted Answer

Labeling theory distinguishes between primary deviance, which consists of the initial act of rule breaking, and secondary deviance, which refers to the subsequent nonconforming behavior that occurs as a result of society's reaction to the primary deviance.

Question 15

According to the text, since most crime is intraracial, not to arrest black criminal perpetrators would result in charges of racism with respect to a disregard for black victims.

Accepted Answer

The text states that not arresting black criminal perpetrators could result in accusations of racism for disregarding black victims because intraracial crime is more common.

Quiz 5: What Is Real and How Do We Know?

A discipline's informs its scholars of the fundamental categories of reality within its domain, and its ___ defines how they should discover more about them.