Question 1

Bottom-up processing depends entirely on:

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing is a process where the brain recognizes objects by processing basic features of the sensory stimuli, such as color, shape, texture, etc. Therefore, it depends entirely on external stimuli that are perceived by the senses.

Question 2

Top-down processing depends on the individual's:

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing involves the use of prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret incoming sensory information. Therefore, an individual's knowledge and expectations are key factors that influence top-down processing. Factors such as eyesight, brain size, general intelligence, and distance from stimuli may affect perception in general, but they are not specific to top-down processing.

Question 3

Key factors in Gibson's theory include:

Accepted Answer

All of the factors listed are key components in Gibson's theory of ecological psychology. Affordances refer to the potential actions that an object or environment allows for an individual, while optic flow patterns provide information about an individual's movement through an environment. Resonance of invariant information refers to the way in which an individual's past experiences and perceptions shape their current perception of the world, leading to the recognition of patterns and objects that are invariant or consistent over time. Together, these factors form a comprehensive framework for understanding perception and action in relation to the environment.

Question 4

Key factors in Gregory's theory include:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Key factors in Gregory's theory include:
...

Question 5

Neisser's cyclic theory combining aspects of Gibson's and Gregory's theories is criticised because it:

Accepted Answer

Neisser's cyclic theory is criticized because it is vague and difficult to test, not because it is a cognitive theory or because it combines other people's theories.

Question 6

The visual cliff test shows some depth perception is achieved at about:

Accepted Answer

The visual cliff test indicates that depth perception is typically developed by around 6 months of age, as infants begin to show hesitation or fear when encountering the "cliff."

Question 7

The development of visual constancies is likely to depend on infants' experience and:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The development of visual constancies is likely...

Question 8

The importance of environmental factors in producing the horizontal-vertical and rotating trapezoidal window illusions is down to:

Accepted Answer

The question explicitly mentions the importance of environmental factors in producing the illusions, eliminating options A, B, C, and D as potential answers. Therefore, the correct choice is E, environmental factors.

Question 9

Colour vision and binocular vision develop:

Accepted Answer

Colour vision and binocular vision develop after several weeks post-birth. At birth, infants have limited color vision and poor binocular vision. These abilities then develop over time as the visual system continues to mature. By two to three months of age, infants have developed full color vision and the ability to use both eyes together effectively.

Question 10

The importance of early visual experiences for developing complex perceptual skills is shown by people who have had:

Accepted Answer

Cataracts that are removed at an early age can restore visual experiences that are crucial for developing complex perceptual skills. Without such experiences, the brain may fail to construct the necessary neural connections for processing visual information.

Question 11

The ability for perceptual learning is demonstrated by the:

Accepted Answer

Perceptual learning refers to the ability of the brain to modify how it perceives sensory information based on experience. Wearing inverted lenses is an example of perceptual learning because it requires the brain to adapt to the visual distortion caused by the lenses, and eventually leads to an improvement in visual perception. The other options may involve some degree of perceptual learning, but wearing inverted lenses is the clearest example.

Question 12

The ability to make sense of what we see is dependent on:

Accepted Answer

Making sense of what we see involves both the nature (biological mechanisms such as visual processing in the brain) and nurture/environmental factors (culture, learning, experience). Therefore, option D, which acknowledges the contribution of the environment/nurture, is the best choice.

Question 13

Infants' preference for faces is difficult to research because they:

Accepted Answer

Infants cannot verbally communicate their preferences, making it challenging to determine their interest in faces through direct questioning.

Question 14

Gregor and McPherson's (1965) research suggests that cross-cultural differences in visual illusions could depend more on:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Gregor and McPherson's (1965) research suggests that...

Question 15

The perceptual problem with prosopagnosics is that they have:

Accepted Answer

Prosopagnosics have greatly impaired face recognition, but their object recognition is usually quite good.

Question 16

The involvement of the fusiform brain area in processing face information is supported by:

Accepted Answer

The involvement of the fusiform brain area in processing face information is supported by the majority of research studies.

Question 17

Bruce and Young's (1986) eight components of face recognition include:

Accepted Answer

Bruce and Young's model of face recognition includes structural encoding, which involves the processing of facial features; facial speech analysis, which involves the processing of lip movements and expressions related to speech; face recognition nodes, which are thought to store the information necessary to recognize a face; and name generation, which involves retrieving the name associated with a recognized face.

Question 18

Duchaine and Nakayama's (2006) model simplified the process of face recognition into face detection, structural encoding, face memory, and:

Accepted Answer

The model includes face detection, structural encoding, and face memory as the first three stages of face recognition. The fourth stage includes analysis of additional information beyond just the structural features of the face, such as emotion, expression, and gender. Therefore, the best choice is D, which includes these additional factors in the final stage of the model.

Question 19

Apperceptive agnosia is a problem with object recognition caused by:

Accepted Answer

Apperceptive agnosia is caused by impairments in perceptual processing, specifically in the ability to integrate and analyze visual information in order to recognize objects. This means that individuals with apperceptive agnosia may have difficulty distinguishing between similar objects, identifying objects from different angles, or recognizing an object even if they can see all its individual parts.

Question 20

Associative agnosia is a problem with object recognition caused by:

Accepted Answer

Associative agnosia is a problem with accessing semantic knowledge, leading to difficulty recognizing objects despite intact perceptual processing and sensory abilities. Therefore, option B, "Difficulties accessing semantic knowledge," is the correct answer. Options A, C, D, and E are incorrect as they do not correspond to the specific deficit in associative agnosia.

Quiz 2: Perception T