Question 1

Nervous tissue consists of two general types of cells: nerve cells and glial cells.Glial cells are mitotic, whereas neural cells are not (excluding the small population of stem cells).Which type of cell is most likely to be involved in brain cancer, and why?

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Question 2

Apoptosis and necrosis are described as the two ways cells die.Which one is "messy"? Which is "tidy"? Explain.Why do these forms of cell death exist? What are some advantages and/or disadvantages of each? Use the lining cells of the digestive tract in an example of an advantageous process.

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Question 3

The most common types of cancer in America include colon cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer.What do all of these cancers have in common and why are they so prevalent in our society?

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Question 4

In typical women of reproductive age, the epithelial cells lining the uterus (the endometrium)die and are shed from the body roughly once every month, in the process of menstruation.The triggers in this process include chemical (hormonal)changes and contraction of the blood vessels in the lining.Cell death may be a result of either apoptosis or necrosis.Give the characteristics of each process.Devise an argument for classifying the process of menstruation as an example of apoptosis, and then argue for classifying it as necrosis.Which is correct?

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Question 5

Nutrients undergo the last stages of digestion by enzymes located on the cells of the small intestine; then the nutrients are absorbed by these same cells by way of various membrane transport processes.Adipose cells absorb and store excess food energy in the form of fat.You and the other students in the physiology lab you are taking are doing an analysis of cell membrane composition, on unknown animal tissue samples labeled A and B.All lab groups determined that sample A contained, on average, 81% protein, 18% lipid, and 1% carbohydrate.Sample B contained 85% lipid, 10% protein, and 5% carbohydrate.Sketch a graph of the class data.You now have to make a logical conclusion as to which sample is more likely to be intestine and which is adipose tissue.What do you conclude, and why?

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Question 6

Define and distinguish between necrosis and apoptosis, and give specific examples of each.

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Question 7

Describe the anatomical and fluid compartments of the body.How do the lumens of hollow organs fit into these classifications? Which fluid-containing cavities are considered to be internal and which are external? Of those that are external, why are they external (give examples)? You may wish to design a flow chart to help answer this.

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Question 8

During a lab practical, Laurant examines a tissue that is composed of densely packed protein fibers that are running parallel and form a cord.There are few nuclei and no striations, and there is no evidence of other cellular structures.Laurant identifies the tissue as skeletal muscle.Why is Laurant's choice wrong, and which tissue is he probably observing?

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Question 9

What is the benefit of having some of the cellular organelles enclosed by a membrane similar to the cell (plasma)membrane?

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Question 10

Stem cell research has become a political topic in the last few decades.Explain why the research is being done, why some cells are favored for this research over others, and what the factors are that cause some people not to support this type of research.Are any alternatives available that are less opposed?

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Question 11

Your study partner is having difficulty understanding dense fibrous connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments.Explain to her how they are related to each other and how they are different from other categories of connective tissue.

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Question 12

Sketch a short series of simple columnar epithelial cells.Label each of the three different borders.Briefly explain the different kinds of activities that may go on at each border, and tell how their structures and junctions support these functions.

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Question 13

A.Define stem cells and differentiation, and describe the different types and the extent to which they are present during the life of an individual (include the fertilized egg as well as the adult that eventually results).
B.Which of the four tissue types contain populations of stem cells of known function, and what is that function? Which types of tissue have stem cells of unknown function? Do any types of tissue lack stem cells?
C.How do fully differentiated cells differ from stem cells? How can stem cells be used in medical treatment? Give examples.

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Question 14

Cancer is not one disease but a group of related diseases, caused by abnormal genes, environmental factors, and/or viral infections.Describe the basic common characteristics of cancers, including the role of anchoring junctions and proteases.What is a tumor? What is metastasis? Is cancer usually considered to be contagious? Explain.

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Question 15

What is the difference between cell movements in response to outside forces and cell-generated movements (in response to specific cell activity)? (Hint: Do red blood cells move because of RBC activity? What causes cell movements associated with cytokinesis?)Using the index of your text to guide you to relevant sections in other chapters (look up entries for the various cytoskeletal proteins), explain the different types of movements that cells generate.

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Question 16

Cell membranes consist of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate in relative amounts that vary according to cell type.Describe the relative proportions of these substances in three structures, and relate these differences to cell function where possible.

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Question 17

If a person who has not exercised regularly begins a consistent exercise routine, she will notice that her metabolism will seem to increase as her endurance improves.Why is this?

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Question 18

Give three examples of structures whose formation involves molecular interactions that either increase or decrease contact with water molecules, explaining how they are similar and how they differ from each other.(Hint: They all involve molecules that have both polar and nonpolar portions.)

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Question 19

Which type of epithelium would one expect to compose the alveoli (air sacs)in the lungs? Defend your answer.

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Question 20

Describe the two general meanings of the term membrane, as used in biology.Which usage indicates layers of cells and which indicates layers of molecules?

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Quiz 3: Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues