Question 1

List and summarize the forces that influence filtration across the walls of glomerular capillaries.

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Question 2

Patrick's urine sample reveals a high concentration of glucose.Is glucose normally present in urine? Suggest two possible mechanisms to explain why the kidney would excrete excess glucose, and what abnormality may underlie those conditions.

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Question 3

In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) constriction of the afferent arteriole
B) a decrease in the hydraulic pressure of the glomerulus
C) an increase in the capsular hydraulic pressure
D) a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
E) a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure

Accepted Answer

A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood would cause an increase in the GFR because there would be less osmotic pressure opposing filtration, allowing more fluid and solutes to be filtered into the Bowman's capsule.

Question 4

A person with cirrhosis of the liver has lower than normal levels of plasma proteins and a higher than normal GFR.Explain why a decrease in plasma protein concentration would cause an increase in GFR.

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Question 5

Describe GFR autoregulation, and explain why it is important.

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Question 6

You are a physiologist on a space flight to a distant planet.You discover intelligent humanoid aliens inhabiting the planet, and they willingly submit to your tests.You discover that the alien's kidney handles the sugar alcohol mannitol just like our kidneys handle inulin.You also test the alien for its renal handling of glucose.The data from that experiment are: Plasma level (constant over 24 hrs): 6 g/dL of mannitol and 2 g/dL of glucose; 24 hr.urine sample: volume of 2 L, containing 144 g mannitol and 52 g glucose.
A.What is the alien's glomerular filtration rate?
B.What is the alien's clearance rate for glucose?
C.How does the alien kidney handle glucose?

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Question 7

Presence of glucose in the urine is evidence of what condition?

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Question 8

Fred weighs 100 kg.Assume his total blood volume is 7%, his heart pumps his total blood volume within 90 seconds, and his renal blood flow is 20% of his cardiac output.Calculate the volume of blood that flows through Fred's kidneys each minute.

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Question 9

A professor gave the following analogy of kidney function to his freshman biology class: "Imagine your desk is a disorganized mess, containing things worth keeping and things you should throw out.Instead of picking through each item one by one and considering if it is to keep or toss, you sweep your arm across your desktop in one smooth motion, knocking the entire contents of the desk into your large trash can.Then you pull the items you want to keep out of the trash can and place them back on your desk." In what ways is this analogy accurate? In what ways is it inaccurate? Some students in his class argue that the kidneys are inefficient and poorly designed.How should the professor respond? What modern medical device may he cite in his response?

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Question 10

Ruby is 77 years old and can no longer control her urination.What changed in the reflex pathway that used to control her urination?

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Question 11

Reabsorption involves what two methods of transport? Describe each.What determines which route a solute will take?

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Question 12

A man's leg was crushed between a car bumper and a wall.His physicians believe their patient has suffered kidney damage from myoglobin blocking glomerular pores.Tests showed the following results:

A.How many mg of creatinine are in the urine specimen? How much creatinine appears in the urine per hour?
B.What is the patient's creatinine clearance in mL/min?
C.What is the patient's GFR?
D.Is this a normal GFR? Did the patient sustain kidney damage?

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Question 13

Sylvia is suffering from severe edema in her arms and legs.Her physician prescribes a diuretic (a substance that will increase the volume of urine produced).Why might this help to alleviate Sylvia's problem?

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Question 14

Make a map of the following terms: blood, Bowman's capsule, collecting duct, distal tubule, excretion, external environment, filtration, loop of Henle, lumen, osmosis, peritubular capillaries, proximal tubule, urine, water.Add terms as needed.

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Question 15

List and describe the three filtration barriers that substances leaving the plasma must pass through before entering the tubule lumen.

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Question 16

Trace a drop of water through the urinary system, beginning with the plasma in the renal artery.

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Quiz 19: The Kidneys