Question 1

The kind of theory that deal with effort - performance expectancies is called____________.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy theories, particularly as conceptualized by Albert Bandura, deal with the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations, which includes effort-performance expectancies.

Question 2

All of the following are levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy, EXCEPT ____________.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from bottom to top, includes physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs. "Autonomy" is not one of the levels in Maslow's hierarchy.

Question 3

The psychologist(-s) who developed a theory of needs that included five levels of needs arranged in a hierarchy was____________.

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs, which is a theory in psychology comprising five tiers of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 4

Maslow's Hierarchy is a ______________ theory.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's Hierarchy is a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization. It is widely known as a theory of motivation based on a hierarchy of needs.

Question 5

The idea that needs residing higher in a hierarchy can influence motivation only if lower level needs have been satisfied is called____________.

Accepted Answer

The concept described is known as "prepotency," which is a principle in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. It suggests that more basic needs (like physiological and safety needs) must be satisfied before higher-level needs (such as esteem and self-actualization) can act as motivators.

Question 6

According to Maslow, a person's desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming is part of his/her _____________ need.

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs places self-actualization at the top, representing the desire to achieve one's full potential and become the most that one can be.

Question 7

According to Maslow, a person's feelings of personal adequacy are included in his/her ___________ needs.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, esteem needs include feelings of personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment. This level addresses the human desire for respect from others and oneself, which encompasses feelings of personal adequacy.

Question 8

The scholar(s) who proposed that one can describe a need by two components, its object and its strength, was____________.

Accepted Answer

Henry Murray proposed the concept of describing a need by two components: its object and its strength. This approach is part of his theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of individual needs and motivations.

Question 9

According to McClelland, people who are high in need for achievement prefer____________.

Accepted Answer

According to McClelland's theory of needs, individuals with a high need for achievement prefer situations where they can take personal responsibility, receive personal credit for their actions, and obtain clear and unambiguous feedback.

Question 10

If I am a person who prefer tasks that are moderately challenging and have a future orientation, I am likely to be____________.

Accepted Answer

Individuals high in need for achievement typically prefer tasks that are moderately challenging and have a future orientation, as they are motivated by setting and accomplishing goals.

Question 11

Organizational behavior is being used in new ways for motivation and increased performance in some organizations. According to the text, some organizations are implementing ____________ and ____________.

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that organizations are exploring various unconventional strategies to motivate employees and enhance performance, including yearly wage cuts, keeping pay constant while increasing work hours, and firing the highest-paid employees. These measures are indicative of the diverse approaches being experimented with in the realm of organizational behavior to drive productivity and motivation, even though they might seem counterintuitive or controversial.

Question 12

In an economy, where it is important to keep costs low, SAS Institute focuses on ____________ to motivate employees and keep turnover rates low.

Accepted Answer

SAS Institute focuses on non work needs (such as work-life balance, emotional support, and community building) to motivate employees and keep turnover rates low, rather than solely relying on financial incentives. This approach helps in creating a supportive work environment that values employees' overall well-being.

Question 13

All of the following are forms of reinforcement EXCEPT ____________.

Accepted Answer

Neutral reinforcement is not a recognized form of reinforcement in behavioral psychology. The main forms are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and extinction.

Question 14

If I am a manager shaping a subordinate's behavior, I should____________.

Accepted Answer

Rewarding successive approximations to a desired behavior, known as shaping, is an effective way to gradually train or guide someone towards a specific behavior by rewarding them for each step that gets closer to the desired behavior. This approach is more effective and positive than punishment or extinction for incomplete tasks or behaviors.

Question 15

The term that refers to increasing the likelihood that a person will engage in a particular behavior because the behavior has, in the past, been followed by a removal of something the person dislikes, is____________.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior by removing or avoiding a negative outcome or stimulus when the behavior occurs. This removal is seen as rewarding, encouraging the behavior to happen again in the future.

Question 16

In applying behavioral management in organizations, many researchers believe ____________ motivates employees.

Accepted Answer

Contingent positive reinforcement is a key concept in behavioral management that involves providing rewards or positive feedback contingent on desired behaviors, which effectively motivates employees.

Question 17

Stajkovic and Luthans (2003) found that beyond money, the two most widely used reinforcers used in organization are ____________ and ____________.

Accepted Answer

Stajkovic and Luthans (2003) identified feedback and social recognition as the two most widely used reinforcers in organizations beyond monetary incentives. These non-monetary reinforcers are crucial for motivating employees and enhancing their job satisfaction and performance.

Question 18

Punishment should be all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Punishment should be immediate, consistent, and impersonal to be effective, but it does not necessarily need to be strong. Excessive strength in punishment can lead to negative outcomes such as fear, aggression, or avoidance rather than promoting learning and behavior change.

Question 19

According to social learning theory, most people learn behaviors by____________.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory, primarily proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes that individuals learn behaviors and social cues by observing others and imitating their actions. This observational learning is considered a central mechanism of social learning theory, distinguishing it from theories that focus solely on reinforcement or trial and error as primary learning mechanisms.

Question 20

The idea that people can self-reinforce is explained by____________.

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory explains that people can learn and reinforce behaviors by observing others, including the concept of self-reinforcement, where individuals can motivate or reinforce their own behaviors based on observing the consequences of their actions.

Quiz 5: Work Motivation and Performance