Question 1

The uses and gratifications approach considers the audience as passive consumers of mediated messages

Accepted Answer

The uses and gratifications approach views the audience as active participants who actively seek out media content to fulfill specific needs or gratifications.

Question 2

Traditional media is the only source of self-socialization

Accepted Answer

Self-socialization can occur through various sources, including peer interactions, digital media, and personal experiences, not just traditional media.

Question 3

Which of the follow is not a main criticism of uses and gratifications research?
A) It has little predictive value
B) The methods are based on self-report surveys
C) All of the above are criticisms of uses and gratifications research
D) None of the above are criticisms of uses and gratifications research

Accepted Answer

Uses and gratifications research is often criticized for its reliance on self-report surveys, which can be biased, and for having limited predictive value because it focuses on individual motivations rather than broader societal influences.

Question 4

argues that sense of self and identity influences not only how people select mediated messages but also how people interact with and apply the message to their lives.
A) The uses-and-gratifications approach
B) The media practice model
C) The developmental model
D) Cultivation research

Accepted Answer

The media practice model emphasizes how individuals' sense of self and identity influence their media choices and how they interpret and integrate media messages into their lives.

Question 5

Miller and his friends had started smoking. Miller was hesitant at first but he started to notice people his age smoking in movies and television shows. The people in the media seemed cool and were always surrounded by a lot of friends. Miller continued to seek out media with the same messages and kept smoking cigarettes around his friends.
Miller's situation can be best described with:
A) Reinforcing spirals
B) Virtuous cycle
C) SESAM model
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Reinforcing spirals theory suggests that individuals seek out media that reinforces their existing behaviors and attitudes, which in turn strengthens those behaviors and attitudes. Miller's behavior of seeking media that portrays smoking as cool and continuing to smoke aligns with this concept.

Question 6

Reinforcing spirals leads to:
A) Decreased hostility towards one's outgroups
B) Increased extremism
C) Decreased identification with one's ingroup
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Reinforcing spirals often lead to increased extremism as individuals become more entrenched in their beliefs through selective exposure to information that aligns with their views.

Question 7

relies on the notion of the working self
A) The SESAM model
B) Reinforcing spirals
C) Virtuous cycle
D) Uses and gratifications

Accepted Answer

The SESAM model (Self-Enhancement and Self-Assessment Model) relies on the notion of the working self, which is a dynamic aspect of self-concept that is influenced by current goals and contexts.

Question 8

After Jenna read an article about how few women hold higher-up positions in major corporations, she performs poorly on her exam in business administration (even though she is well prepared) . Which concept could explain this?
A) Self-consistency
B) Stereotype threat
C) Reinforcing spirals
D) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat refers to the risk of confirming negative stereotypes about an individual's racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural group, which can negatively impact performance. Jenna's awareness of the stereotype about women in business may have affected her exam performance.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a gratification commonly suggested by uses-and-gratifications research?
A) Entertainment
B) Self-expression
C) Support of social interaction
D) Escape from daily life stresses

Accepted Answer

Uses and gratifications research typically identifies entertainment, support of social interaction, and escape from daily life stresses as common gratifications sought by media users. Self-expression, while related to media use, is not traditionally highlighted as a primary gratification in this research area.

Question 10

According to Arnett's (1995) theory of self-socialization…
A) Teens choose media to learn about social roles, based on their own inclinations.
B) Media use is an effective way for people to feel better about themselves
C) Media users lean from the media which opinions are ok to express in public.
D) Media is one way people can escape form daily life stresses and cultural expectations.

Accepted Answer

Arnett's theory of self-socialization suggests that teens actively select media that reflect their own interests and aspirations, particularly as a way to learn about and experiment with various social roles. This process is based on their personal inclinations and developmental needs.

Question 11

The Reinforcing Spirals Model (Slater, 2007) suggests that:
A) Journalists pay close attention to 'opinion leader media' (i.e., New York Times), which reinforces opinions expressed in the media over time
B) People select media messages that reflect pre-existing dispositions and identity, such that dispositions and identity are reinforced over time through selective media use
C) People interpersonally discuss media content, which reinforces the media effects over time in spiraling dynamics
D) Both journalists and media users have a self-consistency motive, which leads to reinforcing perceptions of reality over time as a result of media use.

Accepted Answer

The Reinforcing Spirals Model posits that individuals choose media that aligns with their existing beliefs and identities, which in turn reinforces those beliefs and identities over time.

Question 12

Brian, a soccer player, picks out youtube videos that show a soccer player demonstrating skills way above his level, hoping he can learn to perform them himself.
Brian's media message selection is motivated by …
A) Self-evaluation
B) Self-consistency
C) Self-improvement
D) Self-enhancement

Accepted Answer

Brian's selection is motivated by a desire for self-improvement, as he is choosing videos that demonstrate skills beyond his current level in hopes of learning and improving his own skills.

Question 13

In the SESAM model (Knobloch-Westerwick, 2015) , which of the following is NOT a motivation for media exposure?
A) Self-consistency
B) Self-derogation
C) Self-improvement
D) Self-enhancement

Accepted Answer

The SESAM model (Selective Exposure Self- and Affect-Management) posits that individuals are motivated for media exposure based on self-consistency, self-improvement, and self-enhancement, but not self-derogation. Self-derogation is not considered a motivation for seeking media content according to this model.

Question 14

Which of the following describes a common thread in contemporary models of media use motivations?
A) People enjoy fake news and conflict coverage
B) People select mediated communication to shape their views of themselves and their behaviors
C) People are very malleable and vulnerable to media impacts
D) Improving media literacy enables people to carefully select media messages to their advantage

Accepted Answer

Contemporary models of media use motivations often emphasize that individuals actively select media that aligns with their personal needs and desires, including shaping their self-concept and behaviors.

Question 15

Think of Casey, a college student, on a Saturday during the semester: In the morning, Casey is focused on academics and listens to classical music while preparing for an exam. In the afternoon, Casey listens to pop music while exercising. While in the car on the way to pick up a date, Casey puts on romantic music. Which theoretical model works best to explain Casey's media choices?
A) Uses-and-Gratifications approach
B) SESAM model (selective exposure self- and affect management model)
C) Reinforcing Spirals Model
D) Media Practice Model

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think of Casey, a college student, on...

Question 16

"State of stress and worry that one might confirm a negative stereotype that others are thought to hold towards one's own group" is the definition of which concept?
A) Stereotype confirmation bias
B) Stereotype lift
C) Stereotype reinforcement
D) Stereotype threat

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat refers to the anxiety and stress a person might feel when they are at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about their social group. This can impair performance and reinforce the stereotype.

Quiz 4: Media Use Motivations

The uses and gratifications approach considers the audience as passive consumers of mediated messages

Traditional media is the only source of self-socialization

Which of the follow is not a main criticism of uses and gratifications research?

argues that sense of self and identity influences not only how people select mediated messages but also how people interact with and apply the message to their lives.

Reinforcing spirals leads to:

relies on the notion of the working self

After Jenna read an article about how few women hold higher-up positions in major corporations, she performs poorly on her exam in business administration (even though she is well prepared) . Which concept could explain this?

Which of the following is NOT a gratification commonly suggested by uses-and-gratifications research?

According to Arnett's (1995) theory of self-socialization…

The Reinforcing Spirals Model (Slater, 2007) suggests that:

Brian, a soccer player, picks out youtube videos that show a soccer player demonstrating skills way above his level, hoping he can learn to perform them himself. Brian's media message selection is motivated by …

In the SESAM model (Knobloch-Westerwick, 2015) , which of the following is NOT a motivation for media exposure?

Which of the following describes a common thread in contemporary models of media use motivations?

"State of stress and worry that one might confirm a negative stereotype that others are thought to hold towards one's own group" is the definition of which concept?