What are Medication Assisted Treatment programs and how are they used?

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The Answer is Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) programs are a form of addiction treatment that combines the use of FDA-approved medications with counseling and behavioral therapies to treat substance use disorders, particularly those related to opioid addiction, such as heroin and prescription pain relievers. The goal of MAT is to provide a "whole-patient" approach to treatment, addressing the needs of the individual both medically and psychologically.

The medications used in MAT are designed to normalize brain chemistry, block the euphoric effects of alcohol and opioids, relieve physiological cravings, and stabilize body functions without the negative effects of the abused drug. The most common medications used in MAT for opioid addiction include:

1. Methadone: A long-acting opioid agonist that reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms. It is dispensed daily under supervision at specialized methadone clinics.
2. Buprenorphine: A partial opioid agonist that reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms. It can be prescribed by certified doctors and taken at home, which increases accessibility for patients.
3. Naltrexone: An opioid antagonist that blocks the effects of opioids. It is available in a pill form or as a monthly injection (Vivitrol).

For alcohol use disorder, MAT may include medications such as:

1. Disulfiram (Antabuse): Causes unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed, which helps deter drinking.
2. Naltrexone: Reduces the urge to drink.
3. Acamprosate (Campral): Helps reduce symptoms of withdrawal such as insomnia, anxiety, and restlessness.

MAT programs are used in various settings, including outpatient clinics, inpatient centers, and hospitals. They are an integral part of community-based treatment programs and can be found in some primary care practices as well. The use of MAT has been shown to improve patient survival, increase retention in treatment, decrease illicit opiate use and other criminal activity among people with substance use disorders, and increase patients' ability to gain and maintain employment.

It is important to note that MAT is not a one-size-fits-all solution. The type of medication used and the accompanying behavioral therapies are tailored to each patient's specific needs. The duration of treatment varies from individual to individual, with some people remaining on MAT for months, years, or even for life, depending on their unique circumstances and in consultation with their healthcare provider.

MAT programs are considered to be the gold standard of care for opioid use disorder and are endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and other leading health organizations. They are an important tool in the ongoing effort to combat the opioid epidemic and to provide effective, evidence-based treatment for those struggling with substance use disorders.

What Are Medication Assisted Treatment Programs and How Are They