Until Recently Revised, the Major Weakness of the Predominant Theories

Until recently revised, the major weakness of the predominant theories of counseling was that

A) they were developed by White males for predominantly White, heterosexual, middle-class clients.
B) the literature behind them was weak.
C) none of them had been closely examined through research.
D) they were developed by theorists with little formal education.
E) none of them were based upon practice.