Question 1

What is the principle behind the use of surfactants?

Accepted Answer

Surfactants enhance the dissolution rate by promoting wetting, which allows the solvent to penetrate the solid drug particles more easily.

Question 2

Salts improve solubility and dissolution characteristics.

Accepted Answer

Salts can indeed improve the solubility and dissolution characteristics of compounds, which is particularly useful in pharmaceutical applications to enhance drug absorption.

Question 3

How pH alteration of the drug microenvironment is done?

Accepted Answer

In situ salt formation involves altering the pH of the drug microenvironment by forming salts that can change the local pH upon administration.

Question 4

Which one of the following is used for selective adsorption on insoluble carriers of the drugs?

Accepted Answer

Inorganic clays like bentonite are used for selective adsorption on insoluble carriers of drugs due to their high surface area and adsorptive properties.

Question 5

Which of the following is used in solvent deposition method of enhancing bioavailability?

Accepted Answer

Organic solvents are used in the solvent deposition method to dissolve the drug, which is then deposited onto a carrier to enhance its bioavailability. This process improves the dissolution rate and, consequently, the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

Question 6

Which of the following is used in solid solutions method of enhancing bioavailability?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is used in...

Question 7

Which of the following is used in molecular encapsulation of drugs for enhancing bioavailability?

Accepted Answer

Cyclodextrin is used in molecular encapsulation to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of drugs by forming inclusion complexes with drug molecules.

Question 8

What is bioequivalence?

Accepted Answer

Bioequivalence refers to the comparison between a drug's specific characteristics, such as its bioavailability, to a defined set of standards, usually to ensure that a generic drug performs in the same manner as the original patented drug.

Question 9

What is the chemical equivalence?

Accepted Answer

Chemical equivalence refers to two or more drug products that contain the same labeled chemical substance in the same amount, ensuring they have the same active ingredient in equal quantities.

Question 10

What is pharmaceutic equivalence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is pharmaceutic equivalence?
...

Question 11

What is bioequivalence?

Accepted Answer

Bioequivalence refers to the situation where two or more drug products, when administered in the same molar dose under similar conditions, result in comparable concentrations of the drug substance in the bloodstream and tissues, indicating that they are expected to have the same therapeutic effect. This is crucial for the approval of generic drugs, ensuring they can be used interchangeably with their brand-name counterparts.

Question 12

What is therapeutic equivalence?

Accepted Answer

Therapeutic equivalence refers to drug products that contain the same active ingredient and are expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile when administered to patients under the conditions specified in the labeling.

Question 13

On which individuals study of newly invented medicines are not done?

Accepted Answer

Studies of newly invented medicines typically exclude pregnant and elderly individuals due to potential risks and the need for more specific research protocols to address their unique physiological conditions.

Question 14

What should be the disadvantage of cross over study on volunteers?

Accepted Answer

Cross-over studies require a washout period between treatments to ensure that the effects of the first treatment do not carry over into the period when the second is being administered. This significantly increases the total time required to complete the study.

Question 15

Two or more drugs contain the same therapeutically active ingredient which elicits same pharmacological effects and can control the disease to the same extent are known to be pharmaceutic equivalent.

Accepted Answer

Pharmaceutically equivalent drugs contain the same active ingredient(s), but they may differ in other characteristics such as the manufacturing process, formulation, excipients, and packaging. The definition provided in the question more accurately describes therapeutic equivalence, where two drugs are expected to have the same therapeutic effect and safety profile when administered to patients under the conditions specified in the labeling.

Question 16

If the bioavailability of test formulation is 80-120% of the reference standard, it is considered to be bioequivalent.

Accepted Answer

The statement is true because a test formulation is considered bioequivalent to a reference standard if its bioavailability falls within 80-120% of the reference standard, according to regulatory guidelines such as those from the FDA.

Question 17

Bioequivalence is a relative term which denotes that the drug substance reaches the systemic circulation at the same relative rate or time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bioequivalence is a relative term which denotes...

Question 18

The concentration of drug in plasma above which toxic effects are precipitated is known as

Accepted Answer

The concentration of drug in plasma above which toxic effects are precipitated is known as Maximum Safe Concentration. This term refers to the highest concentration of a drug in the plasma that can be tolerated without resulting in adverse effects.

Question 19

When rate is independent of the reactant concentration, then it is called

Accepted Answer

Zero order reactions have a rate that is independent of the concentration of the reactant(s). This means the rate of reaction remains constant over time, regardless of the concentration of the reactant.

Question 20

Which of the following is the half life of zero order reaction?

Accepted Answer

The half-life of a zero-order reaction is given by $t_{1/2} = \frac{A_0}{2k}$, where $A_0$ is the initial concentration and $k$ is the rate constant.

Quiz 19: Pharmacology and Bioequivalence: Understanding Drug Formulations and Effects

What is the principle behind the use of surfactants?

Salts improve solubility and dissolution characteristics.

How pH alteration of the drug microenvironment is done?

Which one of the following is used for selective adsorption on insoluble carriers of the drugs?

Which of the following is used in solvent deposition method of enhancing bioavailability?

Which of the following is used in solid solutions method of enhancing bioavailability?

Which of the following is used in molecular encapsulation of drugs for enhancing bioavailability?

What is bioequivalence?

What is the chemical equivalence?

What is pharmaceutic equivalence?

What is bioequivalence?

What is therapeutic equivalence?

On which individuals study of newly invented medicines are not done?

What should be the disadvantage of cross over study on volunteers?

Two or more drugs contain the same therapeutically active ingredient which elicits same pharmacological effects and can control the disease to the same extent are known to be pharmaceutic equivalent.

If the bioavailability of test formulation is 80-120% of the reference standard, it is considered to be bioequivalent.

Bioequivalence is a relative term which denotes that the drug substance reaches the systemic circulation at the same relative rate or time.

The concentration of drug in plasma above which toxic effects are precipitated is known as

When rate is independent of the reactant concentration, then it is called

Which of the following is the half life of zero order reaction?