The Electoral Reward and Punishment Theory of Elections

The electoral reward and punishment theory of elections

A) requires very little of voters, just judgments of how well or how badly things have been going.
B) requires party representatives to take clear stands on issues and follow party lines once elected.
C) demands that parties' stands on issues will be sharply different from each other.
D) all of the above
E) requires voters to have clear party loyalties.