Question 1

_______________ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior.They can be positive (such as military decorations)or negative (such as imprisonment).

Accepted Answer

Formal sanctions are those that are explicitly regulated or enforced by a governing authority, often through laws or other official measures. Such sanctions can be either positive (rewards) or negative (punishments), and are used to shape and regulate behavior in a variety of social contexts, including schools, workplaces, and legal systems. Other types of sanctions, such as informal or magical, are not necessarily explicitly regulated or enforced in the same way.

Question 2

The most widely known act of genocide in recent history was the attempt of the Nazis during World War II to wipe out _______________________________________.

Accepted Answer

The Nazis attempted to wipe out not only European Jews, but also Roma people (referred to as Gypsies). While other groups, such as homosexuals, disabled individuals, and political dissidents, were also targeted by the Nazis, the attempted genocide of the Jews and Roma was the most widely known and extensively carried out.

Question 3

Sanctions are applied to _______________.

Accepted Answer

Sanctions are applied to externalized social controls, meaning they are used to enforce rules and norms that are expressed and recognized by a society or group. They can take the form of rewards for conforming behavior or punishments for deviant behavior. Sanctions are used to maintain social order and reinforce societal values.

Question 4

Which of the following are likely to be associated with any of the multiple types of warfare?

Accepted Answer

Centralized political systems are often necessary for coordinating a large military effort. The rise of cities can indicate a concentration of resources that may motivate attacks, or a need for defense against attacks. A technology that supports population growth can lead to competition over resources, and possession of complex, valuable property can be a motivation for conflict. All of these factors can contribute to the different types of warfare.

Question 5

A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organization reveals that _______________.

Accepted Answer

Each statement reflects observations made in cross-cultural studies of political organization, highlighting the complex roles and pathways through which women engage in politics across different societies.

Question 6

In centralized societies,antisocial behavior is usually dealt with in a court system by the use of formal,negative sanctions involving the application of abstract rules and the use of force.The primary aim is _______________.

Accepted Answer

In centralized societies, the primary aim of the court system is to assign and punish guilt through formal, negative sanctions involving the application of abstract rules and the use of force. This is done to maintain social order and deter future antisocial behavior. While helping the victim and renewing social relations may be secondary aims, they are not the primary goal. Preventing witchcraft use and providing a good show for spectators are not relevant to the court system's function in dealing with antisocial behavior.

Question 7

Laura Nader called upon her colleagues at Berkeley to ________________________.

Accepted Answer

Laura Nader called upon her colleagues at Berkeley to examine the Navajo way of life.

Question 8

Adamson Hoebel defined _______________ as a social norm enforced by the legitimate use (or threat of use)of physical force.

Accepted Answer

Adamson Hoebel defined law as a social norm enforced by the legitimate use (or threat of use) of physical force. The other options do not involve the use of physical force in their enforcement. Negotiation involves reaching a mutually beneficial agreement through discussion, mediation involves a third party assisting two parties in resolving a dispute, adjudication is the legal process by which a judgment is pronounced by a court, and informal sanctions are social norms enforced through social disapproval or disconnection from social groups.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a form of political organization?

Accepted Answer

Tribe, band, chiefdom, and state are all forms of political organization recognized in anthropology. Group is a general term that can refer to any collection of individuals, and is not specific to political organization.

Question 10

When a disruptive dispute occurs among members of Ju/'hoansi or Inuit bands,it is usually defined as an offense against _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a disruptive dispute occurs among members...

Question 11

Among the Igbo of Nigeria,______________.

Accepted Answer

Among the Igbo of Nigeria, men and women each had separate, autonomous spheres of political activity. Both genders held positions of power and played important roles in decision making within the community. However, these roles were distinct and separate, and women's leadership roles were often focused on matters within the household and community, while men held positions related to external affairs and conflict resolution.

Question 12

The functions of law include _______________.

Accepted Answer

The functions of law include defining proper behavior, allocating authority to enforce sanctions, and redefining proper behavior when situations change. However, law should not protect only the rich from the poor, but instead provide equal protection to all individuals regardless of socioeconomic status. Therefore, the best choice is E as it includes all the functions of law without promoting inequality.

Question 13

At the heart of political organization is _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of At the heart of political organization is...

Question 14

In Western society,"personal offenses" pertains to offenses committed against _______________.

Accepted Answer

Personal offenses generally refer to offenses committed against individuals, as opposed to offenses against groups or communities as a whole. While personal offenses can certainly affect minority groups and communities, the focus is on the harm caused to individual people.

Question 15

When the British imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria,_______________.

Accepted Answer

The best choice is D because the British did not recognize the political power of women and imposed changes that made women subordinate to men. This was a result of the patriarchal and discriminatory nature of colonialism that favored men over women. The Igbo society had previously allowed for the equality of political power between the sexes, but this was disrupted by colonialism. There is no evidence to support any of the other choices listed.

Question 16

A method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement is called _______________.

Accepted Answer

Negotiation is a process where the disputing parties voluntarily come together to discuss their differences with the intention of arriving at a mutually satisfactory agreement. The process involves identifying and analyzing the issues, exploring possible solutions, and reaching a consensus. The parties have control over the outcomes and the mediator plays a facilitative role. This approach is less formal and less adversarial compared to litigation or arbitration.

Question 17

Wape villagers avoid quarreling with each other because _______________.

Accepted Answer

According to the passage, the Wape villagers believe that ancestral ghosts intervene in hunting and cause a hunter to miss their prey only when they are angry with quarreling in the community. This suggests that they avoid quarreling with each other to prevent angering these ghosts and potentially harming their hunting success. The other options, such as fear of a misdirected bullet during hunting or punishment by the government, do not appear to be the primary reason for avoiding quarrels in this community, based on the information provided in the passage.

Question 18

How is social order maintained in bands and tribes?

Accepted Answer

In bands and tribes, social order is maintained through gossip and fear of supernatural forces. Gossip ensures that violations of social norms are quickly known to the entire community, and fear of supernatural punishment serves as a deterrent. There may also be the occasional use of informal dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation or negotiation. Use of violence, including public beatings or murder, would likely be detrimental to the survival of the group as a whole. The court system and police are not typically found in these types of societies. Threats of killing the first-born child would be considered a highly taboo and unacceptable practice in most cultures.

Question 19

Awards,titles,recognition,imprisonment,corporal punishment,and ostracism from the community are all examples of _______________.

Accepted Answer

Sanctions are the formal or informal ways that society enforces its norms. Awards, titles, and recognition are positive sanctions, while imprisonment, corporal punishment, and ostracism are negative sanctions. Internalized controls and kinship principles are different concepts, while the Pago Pago principle is not a recognized term in anthropology. These punishments are not limited to state-level societies only, as they can exist in any type of society.

Question 20

"Warlike" behavior has not been widely observed among a group of _______________ in Tanzania.

Accepted Answer

Chimpanzees in Tanzania, particularly those studied in Gombe Stream National Park by Jane Goodall, have been observed displaying warlike behavior, including organized raids and lethal aggression towards members of neighboring groups. This contradicts the notion that such behavior has not been widely observed among them.

Quiz 12: Politics, power, and Violence

_______________ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior.They can be positive (such as military decorations) or negative (such as imprisonment) .