Question 1

Different theories of emotion propose varying relationships between psychological feelings and bodily reactions. Which theory claims that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion claims that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously. For instance, when an individual perceives a threatening event messages are sent to the hypothalamus (responsible for bodily reactions) and the limbic system (responsible for psychological reactions) at the same time.

Question 2

Different theories of emotion propose varying relationships between psychological feelings and bodily reactions. Which theory explains the following situation?
An individual sees someone they are attracted to. The individual's heart rate increases and his throat becomes dry. His perception of those responses leads him to believe he is experiencing desire, an emotion.

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory posits that emotions result from perception of bodily reactions to a stimulus. Criticism of this theory points out that individuals are often not able to perceive subtle physiological changes.

Question 3

Different theories of emotion propose varying relationships between psychological feelings and bodily reactions. In the 1960s, researchers performed an experiment in which they injected two groups of subjects with epinephrine. What theory is supported by this study?

Accepted Answer

The two-factor theory states that emotion is the result of information from both internal (hypothalamus and limbic) and external (context) systems. Schachter and Singer's experiment found that individuals experience physical reactions and then look for external cues to help determine an emotion.

Question 4

Theories of workplace motivation fall into different categories-need, cognitive, or reinforcement. Which of the following theories posits that lower level needs, such as salary and working conditions, are directly related to dissatisfaction?

Accepted Answer

Herzberg's two-factor theory posits that lower level needs, such as salary and working conditions, are directly related to dissatisfaction, but that meeting these needs does not result in satisfaction. He divided factors into two groups, lower level needs and upper level needs, which relate to job content and needs for responsibility and achievement. Meeting upper level needs results in satisfaction, but not meeting them does not result in dissatisfaction.

Question 5

Mood disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the etiology of mood disorders. Which of the following theories posits that depression is the result of having a negative view of the self?

Accepted Answer

Beck's cognitive theory posits that depression is the result of having a negative view of the self, rather than a negative view of the self-resulting from depression.

Question 6

__________ is an example of an automatic thought.

Accepted Answer

Cognitions are classified into four levels: automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, core beliefs, and schemas. Automatic thoughts are the instant, initial thoughts that arise in one's mind in response to a situation or interaction. "She hates me" is an example of an automatic thought. "I am insignificant," and "I am stupid" are examples of core beliefs, which exemplify one's core beliefs, values, and self-perceptions.

Question 7

When light enters the eye, it is converted from light energy to electrical signals to chemical signals that the brain can understand and interpret. The process of the information changing from visual signals to electric signals to chemical signals is called:

Accepted Answer

The process of information changing from light energy to electrical signals to chemicals signals the brain can understand is a process called transduction.
Sensory information (whether light waves for the eye or sound waves for the ears) cannot be interpreted as they are. Thus, our body has sense organs that help to convert sensory information into information our brain can interpret. This process of converting sensory information into something our brain can interpret is referred to as transduction.

Question 8

When you think of the color white, you think of something pure, innocent, and unpolluted. This is an example of a __________ .

Accepted Answer

Symbolic representation is the process of articulating thoughts and ideas in a symbolic manner, through the use of arbitrary representations.

Question 9

Adults are capable of abstract thought. In contrast, children are concrete thinkers, meaning they are able to think about things in "here and now." Which is an example of a concrete way of thinking?

Accepted Answer

Concrete thinkers look at ideas or objects singularly, without the ability to identify it or them as a representation of a more general category. Concrete thinking is more literal than abstract thinking, focused on physical objects

Question 10

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory centers on the idea that individuals have different minds, and thus, learn, process, and remember things differently. Gardner believed that a person's __________ affects his or her learning preferences.

Accepted Answer

Gardner believed that an individual's "human potential" strongly affects his or her ability to process, and retain information. Thus, everybody learns differently.

Question 11

McGyver was quite skilled at using ordinary objects in ways other than their intended or typical use. In this way he was able to solve many problems that would have stumped others. One could say that McGyver was good at overcoming:

Accepted Answer

One could say that McGyver was good at overcoming functional fixedness. Functional fixedness is the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use. Because McGyver was able to use ordinary objects in unique ways, he was able to overcome functional fixedness. Closely related is the concept of "mental set," where individuals become accustomed to solving problems in one way and when that way no longer works, they have difficulty shifting problem-solving patterns. Algorithms are rules that guarantee a solution to a problem if applied correctly. For example, the Pythagorean theorem (a² + b² = c²) is an algorithm. Finally, confirmation bias is the tendency for an individual to favor their initial hypothesis about a situation or problem, and to find contradictory information about an alternative solution.

Question 12

Cognitive therapists challenge clients' distorted ways of thinking, to allow for new, more rational thoughts. One type of cognitive distortion is all-or -nothing thinking. An example of all-or-nothing thinking is:

Accepted Answer

"If I do not get an A+, I will never go to college" is an example of all-or-nothing thinking. All-or-nothing thinking is thinking in terms of absolutes such as "always," and "never

Question 13

Classical conditioning, also known as __________ , is the process of taking away an unconditioned stimulus, once the desired response is achieved. Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning, also called respondent or Pavlovian conditioning, is used to obtain a desired response using an unconditioned stimulus (think Pavlov's dog).

Question 14

Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning. This means learning through observation of others' behavior (modeling). Common models of behavior are __________ . Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Humans learn through observing others. This is especially true in children. Bandura's concept of observational learning posits that individuals understand information, and behavior through the modeling of others, such as siblings, parents, and teachers.

Question 15

David Kolb identifies four learning styles. If you have a client who learns, via the converger style, he or she uses __________ .

Accepted Answer

David Kolb's four learning styles include - divergers, convergers, accommodators, and assimilators. Convergers typically come up with ideas, prior to testing those ideas, through active experimentation. They prefer to work independently.

Question 16

An ambitious amateur violinist is able to learn a difficult piece of music when working with her mentor. Yet, on her own, she struggles with the same piece of music. Over time, while working with her mentor, she is eventually able to master the piece even when she is not with her mentor. This example fits the concept of __________ .

Accepted Answer

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), developed by Lev Vygotsky, refers to the variance in a person's capability of performing, or learning a specific task independently, vs. with guidance and support. Scaffolding refers to the individually tailored support, and instruction given to a specific individual.

Question 17

Individuals who learn best through exposure to "the big picture" and then focusing on the interactions involved are said to prefer which type of learning style?

Accepted Answer

Individuals who learn best through exposure to "the big picture" and then focusing on the interactions involved are sent to prefer a relational style of learning.
Kew Takeaway: In the relational style of learning, individuals master material best through exposure to the "big picture." In other words, they look at the overall structure and then focus on the interactions involved. In contrast, individuals who prefer the analytical style of learning learn material best when an initial analysis of the components underlying a construct is done first and then the bigger picture is realized/examined.

Question 18

An example of negative punishment, according to operant conditioning is__________ .

Accepted Answer

Key concepts in operant conditioning are positive and negative reinforcement, and positive and negative punishment. While both C and D have the same outcome (student skips school less often), getting reprimanded is an example of positive punishment, as something unpleasant is presented following the behavior. Not allowing the student to go on the field trip is an example of negative punishment, as it takes away something pleasant following the behavior.

Question 19

F. Skinner studied operant conditioning. According to his research, praise is an example of __________ .

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is an example of operant conditioning, or as explained by Skinner, as a consequence of a behavior. Praise is an example of positive reinforcement. There is also negative reinforcement, which occurs when unpleasant consequences are removed, once the appropriate behavior returns, which in turn encourages that behavior.

Question 20

Classical conditioning, a type of learning studied by Ivan Pavlov, tested his theory on dogs. A more contemporary example of classical conditioning is:

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a kind of learning that is based on associations between one's environment (classroom,) and a naturally occurring stimulus (anxiety). Classical conditioning assumes that the environment shapes behavior, therefore, when the teacher changes the environment, the student's response to the previously anxiety-provoking situation is changed.

Quiz 3: Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior