Question 1

Bob went to his provider because he experienced a pain in his left leg after he exercised. The provider determined that he had a strained muscle. What type of muscle did he strain?
A)Cardiac
B)Smooth
C)Striated
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Striated muscles are mostly skeletal muscles and assist with the general movement of bones and joints, such as in the legs. The muscle that Bob strained was in his leg and was, therefore, a striated muscle.

Question 2

Muscle contractions occur as a result of what type of exchange?
A)Anion
B)Cation
C)Water
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Muscle contractions occur as a result of cation exchange, with Ca++ or Na+ crossing or not crossing over membranous areas within the muscle tissue.

Question 3

Buber is complaining of a weakness in her arms and feeling like she just worked out. Which of the following clinical terms best describes her symptoms?
A)Myalgia
B)Myasthenia
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

The best clinical term to describe the symptoms of weakness and muscle fatigue that Mrs. Buber is feeling is myasthenia. Myalgia refers to tenderness and pain in the muscle, which is a different symptom.

Question 4

Which autoimmune condition is characterized by the body producing autoantibodies that attack muscle receptor sites, reducing the ability to receive neurotransmitter signals to move properly, thus causing weakness?
A)Myasthenia gravis
B)Muscular dystrophy
C)Muscular degenerative disorder
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Myasthenia gravis is characterized by the body producing autoantibodies that attack muscle receptor sites of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing an inability to properly pick up signals to function, thus causing weakness.

Question 5

The majority of muscular dystrophy syndromes occur because of a ___________.
A)Virus
B)Bacterium
C)Genetic mutation
D)Trauma

Accepted Answer

Muscular dystrophy syndromes occur because of genetic mutation, usually on the X chromosome, which causes the body to produce dystrophin in an appropriate amount.

Question 6

Snow came in complaining of weakness in her legs and a tingling sensation in parts of her left arm. She had a series of blood tests done, as well as an MRI. The MRI showed a few lesions on her spinal column and brain, what might this suggest?
A)Muscular dystrophy
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Myasthenia gravis
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Multiple sclerosis affects multiple body systems and can have a huge neuromuscular effect as autoantibodies break down the myelin sheath that protects the brain and spinal column. One of the diagnostic hallmarks of the condition is lesions seen on the MRI where this breakdown has occurred. Additional testing by a neurologist would always be recommended to make final diagnosis and treatment.

Question 7

Lower motor neurons refer to the neurons that are in the:
A)Spinal column
B)Brain stem
C)Cerebellum
D)Both A and B

Accepted Answer

Lower motor neurons, or alpha motor neurons, are located within the spinal column and brain stem. Damage to these particular neuronal areas cause specific site disorders depending on where the damage occurs. Neurons above the brain stem are considered higher motor neurons, as they work broader areas. Damage to a higher motor neuron can have a greater effect.

Question 8

The following condition occurs when alpha neurons die:
A)Alpha neuronal dystrophy
B)Muscular atrophy
C)Macrophagal activation
D)Muscular dystrophy

Accepted Answer

Muscular atrophy occurs when alpha neurons die. The alpha neurons are responsible for feeding the muscle tissues they control with appropriate signals. Without these signals, the muscle tissue becomes smaller and weakness occurs.

Question 9

Fasciculation refers to what visible sign that can occur when damage to an alpha neuron occurs?
A)Weakness
B)Atrophy
C)Twitch
D)Both A and B

Accepted Answer

Fasciculation refers to a twitch that can occur as a result of damage to an alpha neuron. The damage to the alpha neuron causes potential spikes, leading to malfunctioning of the corresponding muscles.

Question 10

In higher neuronal disorders, which of the following are not usually seen?
A)Fasciculations
B)Atrophy
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

In disorders that occur above the brain stem or in higher neuronal disorders, damage is not done to the lower neurons that feed or affect muscular tissue directly. So although the muscles may not function appropriately, they are still being fed certain signals that allow them to not shrink or twitch.

Question 11

You are caring for an adult patient who is suspected to have upper neuronal damage. You look for the Babinski sign by stroking the sole of the foot. What would you expect to see?
A)All toes curl inward
B)No response
C)Big toe extends up and the rest fan out
D)All toes curl upward

Accepted Answer

In a patient who has upper neuronal damage, a positive Babinski sign is present when the big toe extends and the rest of the toes fan out while the sole of the foot is stroked. A normal or negative sign would be for all toes to curl inward. In children under 2 years of age, the sign is present as the neurologic system matures.

Question 12

An example of the result of upper neuronal damage in the motor cortex includes:
A)Constructional ataxia
B)Dressing ataxia
C)Verbal ataxia
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

When damage to the motor cortex occurs, it is considered upper neuronal damage. Individual muscles may function, but the coordination of their movement to an appropriate level is not present. Patients may not exhibit the ability to coordinate dressing, speaking, or putting blocks together in a specific pattern.

Question 13

Paralysis is considered to be a:
A)Lower motor neuron disorder
B)Upper motor neuron disorder
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

Paralysis occurs as a result of direct damage to a portion of the spinal column. However, because the alpha neurons remain intact, paralysis is considered an upper motor neuron disorder.

Question 14

What symptom(s) is/are a result of basal ganglia damage?
A)Dyskinesias
B)Akinesias
C)Both A and B
D)Neither A nor B

Accepted Answer

Damage to the basal ganglia can cause dyskinesias (or involuntary movement) and akinesias (or involuntary postures).

Question 15

Parkinson's disease is considered what type of disorder?
A)Basal ganglia disorder
B)Alpha neuronal disorder
C)Paraplegic disorder
D)Spinal atrophic disorder

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease involves hallmark signs of tremors. These tremors are also known as dyskinesias. Parkinson's disease is considered a disorder of the basal ganglia.

Question 16

Huntington's disease is caused by a:
A)Virus
B)Bacteria
C)Trauma
D)Genetic mutation

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease is caused by a genetic mutation that occurs on chromosome number four. Huntington's disease is characterized by a choreiform or continuous jerking movements of the muscles in the limbs and face.

Question 17

Which of the following properly describes the pupillary light reflex?
A)Pupils constrict on direct light exposure
B)Pupils dilate on direct light exposure
C)Pupils constrict in darkness
D)Pupils dilate in darkness

Accepted Answer

The pupillary light reflex describes the motor reflex of the pupil of the eye to constrict upon direct light exposure to reduce the amount of light being accepted into the eye.

Question 18

How many muscles are involved in each eye movement?
A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12

Accepted Answer

There are 6 muscles involved in each eye movement: medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, superior oblique, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique.

Question 19

The motor control system of the human body is considered:
A)Functionally segregated
B)Hierarchically organized
C)Non-hierarchically developed
D)Both A and B

Accepted Answer

The motor control system of the human body is considered to be both functionally segregated and hierarchically organized. Neurologic control is segregated into different areas with specific cells having distinct control over smaller areas of the body. It is also organized in a hierarchical fashion as you move closer to the brain: the larger portions of the central nervous system have greater control over more areas of the body than do those at the further end.

Question 20

In order to function in the environment, the body makes changes to its center of mass. What are these changes referred to as?
A)Chiropractic adjustments
B)Postural adjustments
C)Spinal adjustments
D)Sensory-motor adjustments

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to the body's ability to change its center of mass to function in the environment is known as postural adjustments. These adjustments occur several times a day as we go about our lives. They require a complex coordination of events that the human mind is only slightly aware of as it happens. For example, very few think about what is going on inside the muscles of our body as we reach for a dish on a shelf.

Quiz 5: Motor

Bob went to his provider because he experienced a pain in his left leg after he exercised. The provider determined that he had a strained muscle. What type of muscle did he strain?

Muscle contractions occur as a result of what type of exchange?

Buber is complaining of a weakness in her arms and feeling like she just worked out. Which of the following clinical terms best describes her symptoms?

Which autoimmune condition is characterized by the body producing autoantibodies that attack muscle receptor sites, reducing the ability to receive neurotransmitter signals to move properly, thus causing weakness?

The majority of muscular dystrophy syndromes occur because of a ___________.

Snow came in complaining of weakness in her legs and a tingling sensation in parts of her left arm. She had a series of blood tests done, as well as an MRI. The MRI showed a few lesions on her spinal column and brain, what might this suggest?

Lower motor neurons refer to the neurons that are in the:

The following condition occurs when alpha neurons die:

Fasciculation refers to what visible sign that can occur when damage to an alpha neuron occurs?

In higher neuronal disorders, which of the following are not usually seen?

You are caring for an adult patient who is suspected to have upper neuronal damage. You look for the Babinski sign by stroking the sole of the foot. What would you expect to see?

An example of the result of upper neuronal damage in the motor cortex includes:

Paralysis is considered to be a:

What symptom(s) is/are a result of basal ganglia damage?

Parkinson's disease is considered what type of disorder?

Huntington's disease is caused by a:

Which of the following properly describes the pupillary light reflex?

How many muscles are involved in each eye movement?

The motor control system of the human body is considered:

In order to function in the environment, the body makes changes to its center of mass. What are these changes referred to as?