Question 1

Which of the following is not a type of temporary pacing?

Accepted Answer

Transarterial pacing is not a form of temporary pacing. Methods of temporary pacing include transvenous pacing, transcutaneous pacing, epicardial pacing, and transthoracic pacing.

Question 2

Which of the following class of anti-dysrhythmic drugs is correctly matched with its mechanism of action?

Accepted Answer

Class I anti-dysrhythmic agents inhibit sodium channels. Class II drugs include beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, which slow heart rate and increase cardiac muscle contraction. Class III drugs inhibit potassium efflux during repolarization. Class IV agents include calcium channel blockers.

Question 3

Which of the following drugs are vasodilators?

Accepted Answer

Beta blockers, nitrates, and calcium channel blockers all cause vasodilation.

Question 4

What are the adverse effects associated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Adverse effects associated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors include dysrhythmias, and thrombocytopenia. Other adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and liver function test abnormalities.

Question 5

Calcium channel blockers act by antagonizing the L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. What are the effects on cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

CCalcium channel blockers reduce cardiac muscle contractility, decrease SA pacemaker rate, and decrease atrioventricular conduction velocity in cardiac tissue.

Question 6

What is the mechanism action of heparin?

Accepted Answer

Heparin is a protein that inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, which prevents fibrinogen being converted to fibrin. Lepirudin directly inhibits thrombin formation, while low molecular weight heparins block factors Xa and IIa, which inhibit thrombus and clot formation.

Question 7

Dipyridamole is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Which of the following is not a mechanism of action of dipyridamole?

Accepted Answer

Dipyridamole is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases cAMP levels, activates prostacyclin, and inhibits platelet aggregation.

Question 8

The fibrinolytic mechanisms of streptokinase and reteplase are:

Accepted Answer

Specifically, streptokinase and reteplase cause fibrinolysis by disrupting the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.

Question 9

Atrial overdrive pacing is a technique used to treat the following disorder?

Accepted Answer

Atrial overdrive pacing is a technique used to treat atrial flutter.

Question 10

In rate modulated pacing, pacing of atria and ventricles are based on:

Accepted Answer

Rate modulated pacing involves the pacing of the atria and ventricles based on the physiological needs of the patient. This type of pacing uses sensors to modulate pacing.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a type of stress management technique?

Accepted Answer

Modification to reaction is not a stress management technique. Stress management techniques include autogenic training, cognitive restructuring, imagery, and progressive muscle relaxation. Other techniques are meditation and aerobic exercise.

Question 12

Which of the following is not one of the 3 stages of the general adaptation syndrome?

Accepted Answer

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The GAS defines the body's response to stress.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true regarding bare metal stent versus drug-eluting stent (DES)?

Accepted Answer

Drug eluting stents inhibit cell proliferation and inflammation and reduce the incidence of restenosis. They are not used to elute antibiotics or anticoagulants, and they are inorganic and are, therefore, not rejected. Drug-eluting stents are more costly than standard stents. Most coronary stents are premounted on an inflatable balloon delivery system, which is carried by a catheter to the site of lesion.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of beta channel blockers?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension is a condition beta blockers are usually prescribed for. Beta blockers can cause hypotension.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tetralogy of Fallot?

Accepted Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot has mainly a right to left shunt caused by right ventricular outflow obstruction. Blood ends up bypassing the pulmonary artery and goes to the aorta.

Question 16

Consider a patient who is unaware of the cardiac condition he is suffering from. You note splinter hemorrhages under his finger nails. What is this clinical sign indicative of?

Accepted Answer

Splinter hemorrhaging is seen in patients afflicted with endocarditis. This illness is an inflammation of the endocardium and/or heart valves which can develop quickly (acute) or slowly (subacute).

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE of right sided heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Right-sided heart failure can be caused by cor pulmonale. This is defined as increased pulmonary vascular resistance causing right heart strain.

Question 18

Which disease has the combination of a ventricular septal defect with an aorta that overrides the septal defect, stenosis of the pulmonic valve, and increased thickness of the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot consists of subaortic ventricular septal defect, obstruction to right ventricular outflow, aortic overriding of the ventricular septal defect (aortic dextroposition), and moderate right ventricular hypertrophy.

Question 19

The patient who is experiencing cardiogenic shock is at risk for what complication?

Accepted Answer

The patient who has experienced cardiogenic shock is at risk for pulmonary edema. During cardiogenic shock, when the stroke volume and cardiac output decrease, blood backs up into the pulmonary system, eventually leaking out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the lung tissue and alveoli.

Question 20

Dopamine is a drug commonly used to treat patients who in cardiogenic shock. What is the primary effect of dopamine?

Accepted Answer

The primary effect of dopamine is to increase renal perfusion and increase the force of cardiac contraction.

Quiz 2: Problems