Personality disorders (PDOs) include

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

A PDO is a pattern of behavior that deviates from society's norms. In addition, a person with a PDO typically has thoughts about the self and the world that cause inappropriate behavior. Signs of a PDO become evident in adolescence. There are 10 named PDOs, categorized into three clusters: cluster A, patients who appear odd or eccentric; cluster B, patients who appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic; and cluster C, patients who appear anxious and fearful. A PDO influences the mental affect of a person and produces chronic, ingrained, maladaptive behavior. Disordered patterns of relating, thinking, and perceiving impair social and occupational performance. PDOs typically begin to appear in adolescence, but should not be diagnosed until adulthood. A history of long-standing problems in interpersonal relationships and occupational difficulties is likely. Personality traits may give the person with a PDO a reputation of arrogance or painful shyness and of rejecting responsibility for his or her behavior. The person tends to project negative feelings and blame others. Many types of PDOs are recognized, each with unique distinguishing characteristics. Examples of PDOs include paranoid, schizoid, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic disorders.
Antisocial Disorder
Behavior patterns of the antisocial personality can cause frequent conflicts with societal values. Troublesome conduct usually emerges by 15 years of age, including truancy, fighting, stealing, a history of running away, or cruel behavior. Antisocial persons often do not express guilt or learn from their mistakes. Other traits include a propensity for irresponsible and impulsive actions.
Cluster A
Cluster A PDOs should be assessed and distinguished from delusional disorders and psychotic disorders.
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)
Those with PPD often do not trust others and are suspicious of others. They often assume others will exploit, harm, or deceive them. Individuals with PPD often misinterpret the meaning behind others' behaviors by thinking others are deliberately trying to exploit them.
Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD)
Individuals with SPD often appear to lack, or show emotions of, pleasure or pain. They tend to be loners and do not enjoy relationships with others. They often appear to be indifferent, flattened, or detached.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Persons with schizotypal personality disorder are similar to those with SPD in that they often have difficulty with social relationships. Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder, however, typically have ideas of reference; they may be superstitious or preoccupied with paranoid phenomena. In addition, they may believe they have magical control over others. More often, they seek treatment for associated symptoms of anxiety or depression.
Cluster B
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Individuals with APD often have a disregard for, and tend to violate, the rights of others. They often fail to conform to societal norms and engage in behavior that could be grounds for arrest. These individuals are often aggressive, manipulative, and reckless. They generally do not show remorse or make amends for their behavior.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
A person with BPD often has a pattern of unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects (feelings). Impending separation or rejection are often central concerns for individuals with BPD. When those with BPD believe they are being rejected or abandoned, they often react with extreme emotions, such as anger, panic, or despair. They may display extreme sarcasm and verbal outbursts. They are often impulsive and manipulative with their behavior.
Histrionic Disorder
Histrionic individuals often display overly dramatic and theatrical mannerisms. They may have a conscious or unconscious pervasive need to be the center of attention. People with this disorder are often immature and dependent, constantly seeking approval and reassurance. Behavior or appearance may be inappropriately seductive.
Narcissistic Disorder
The narcissistic personality often demonstrates pathologic self-love or grandiose self-admiration. When criticized, the person often reacts with rage or humiliation, based on an exaggerated sense of self-importance. These individuals typically lack empathy and tend to exploit others. They often exhibit a preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success.
Cluster C
Avoidant Personality Disorder
The avoidant personality typically avoids social situations because of fear of criticism, disapproval, or rejection. Individuals with avoidant personality disorder often view themselves as socially inept, personally unappealing, and inferior to others. They are often preoccupied with being judged or criticized by their peers.
Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)
Individuals with DPD typically have patterns of excessively relying on others to make decisions for them. They are usually passive and have trouble disagreeing with others because they fear losing support or approval.
Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
Individuals with obsessive compulsive personality disorder usually have extreme patterns of preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and mental and interpersonal control. They are often preoccupied with details or lists to the point that they never finish tasks.

Personality Disorders (PDOs) Include