Question 1

Which of the following types of memory holds information in mind for a short period so that it can be used to solve a problem at hand?

Accepted Answer

Working memory is specifically designed to hold and manipulate information for short periods, enabling problem-solving and decision-making tasks.

Question 2

In the context of brain stimulation and memory, identify a finding of research on transcranial direct current stimulation.

Accepted Answer

Stimulation during sleep, specifically through techniques like transcranial direct current stimulation, has been found to improve recall abilities in both young and older adults, indicating its potential to enhance memory consolidation processes.

Question 3

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's ________.

Accepted Answer

Ebbinghaus's research led to the discovery of the forgetting curve, which describes how the ability to recall information declines over time without any attempt to retain it.

Question 4

Farah suffers major brain trauma in a train crash. As a result, she can no longer form new memories. She can recall the memories of her life before the crash quite accurately, but she cannot remember any new people she meets or any experiences she has afterward. Farah's condition is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories following a traumatic event, while retaining memories from before the event. Farah's symptoms match this description.

Question 5

According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the ________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events.

Accepted Answer

The episodic buffer in Baddeley's model of short-term memory is designed to be a temporary store for information that integrates the information from the subsidiary systems and long-term memory, thus playing a crucial role in the formation of long-term memories of specific events.

Question 6

In the context of memory distortion, ________ occurs when information learned after the original event (crime) is wrong or misleading but gets incorporated into the memory as true.

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when post-event information influences the memory of the original event, leading to memory distortion. This effect shows how subsequent information can alter an individual's recollection, making it unreliable.

Question 7

Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when older memory makes it hard to learn and remember new information. Chelsea's difficulty in learning Spanish due to her applying English grammar rules is an example of how her existing knowledge (English grammar) is interfering with her ability to learn new information (Spanish grammar).

Question 8

In the context of the types of memory, identify a characteristic of working memory.

Accepted Answer

Working memory involves the manipulation and use of information that is temporarily held in short-term memory.

Question 9

In the context of forming memories, a(n) ________ is defined as a detailed snapshot memory of what we were doing when we first heard of a major, public, and emotionally charged event.

Accepted Answer

A flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard.

Question 10

Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in ________.

Accepted Answer

Memories of significant personal experiences, such as one's first pet, and learned skills, like reading, are stored in long-term memory. This type of memory is capable of storing information for extended periods, from hours to a lifetime.

Question 11

Nick can accurately recall the names of the capital cities of every country in North and South America. Nick's recall of these facts is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves the recall of general facts and knowledge about the world, such as the names of capital cities, which is what Nick is demonstrating.

Question 12

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ________ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Accepted Answer

Ginkgo biloba has been studied for its potential effects on cognitive function, including memory improvement and delaying symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, making it the correct choice.

Question 13

________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing occurs with minimal effort or conscious attention, allowing us to perform tasks without actively thinking about them.

Question 14

In the same evening, Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the ability to recall older information, as seen in Keith's case where studying psychology interfered with his ability to remember sociology material.

Question 15

________ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall.

Accepted Answer

Interference occurs when competing information prevents or disrupts the recall of a memory. This can happen when the information being recalled is similar to other information stored in memory, leading to confusion or difficulty in retrieving the specific memory desired.

Question 16

Which of the following is a protein that switches on the genes responsible for the development of new synapses?

Accepted Answer

CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor that plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory by activating genes involved in the growth and development of new synapses.

Question 17

A(n) ________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts.

Accepted Answer

Associative networks are conceptual structures that consist of nodes (representing concepts) and links (representing the relationships between these concepts), forming a chain of linkages between related concepts.

Question 18

Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged?

Accepted Answer

Jiao is in the retrieval stage of long-term memory processing, as she is attempting to access and bring into her conscious awareness information (the location of the receipt) that was previously stored in her memory.

Question 19

________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended. It acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the five senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, forming a bridge between perception and memory.

Question 20

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

Accepted Answer

The auditory cortex, responsible for processing sound information, is located in the temporal lobes.

Quiz 7: Memory