Which of the Following Statements Differentiates Between a Shortage and a Surplus

Which of the following statements differentiates between a shortage and a surplus?

A) A shortage occurs when price is held at the equilibrium price, but a surplus occurs when price is held above the equilibrium price.
B) A shortage occurs when price is held below the equilibrium price, but a surplus occurs when price is held at the equilibrium price.
C) A shortage occurs when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded, whereas a surplus occurs when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied.
D) A shortage occurs when quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, whereas a surplus occurs when quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded.