Question 1

Mini, Little and Big are all descriptors for which of the following peptides?

Accepted Answer

Mini, Little, and Big are different forms of the peptide hormone Gastrin, which vary in their amino acid length and biological activity.

Question 2

The structure of cholecystokinin (CCK) is described as:

Accepted Answer

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. It exists in multiple molecular forms, each consisting of a linear chain of amino acids (a polypeptide), rather than being a folded protein, polysaccharide, or fatty acid.

Question 3

Which of the following compounds key physiological action includes stimulation of insulin secretion in the presence of hyperglycemia and increasing intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion?

Accepted Answer

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, stimulates insulin secretion in the presence of elevated blood glucose levels. It does not directly increase intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion; that part of the question might be misleading. However, GIP's primary role is in insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemia.

Question 4

Which of the following represents two primary functions of the GI tract?

Accepted Answer

The GI tract primarily functions to assimilate nutrients from food into the body and eliminate waste products from the body, aligning with choice A. Anaerobic respiration and bicarbonate excretion (B) are not primary functions of the GI tract. The release of hypothalamic factors and maintenance of blood pressure (C) are functions related to the endocrine and cardiovascular systems, respectively. Detoxification of drugs and transmethylation of drug metabolites (D) are primarily liver functions, not functions of the GI tract.

Question 5

Transmural inflammation is associated with:

Accepted Answer

Transmural inflammation, which affects the entire thickness of the bowel wall, is a characteristic feature of Crohn's disease.

Question 6

A gastrinoma is classified as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Gastrinomas are a type of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) that originate from the G cells in the pancreas or duodenum and secrete gastrin, leading to excessive stomach acid production.

Question 7

Which of the following GI disorders is characterized by a modified gut immune function?

Accepted Answer

Celiac disease is characterized by a modified gut immune function, as it is an autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.

Question 8

Which of the following cells contain cholecystokinin (CCK)?

Accepted Answer

I cells from the upper small intestinal mucosa are responsible for the production of cholecystokinin (CCK), which plays a key role in digestion by stimulating the gallbladder to contract and release bile, and the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes.

Question 9

Which of the following is test(s) are clinically useful for assessing patients with possible mucosal blood loss?

Accepted Answer

Serum iron and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) are clinically useful tests for assessing patients with possible mucosal blood loss because they can indicate iron deficiency anemia, which is a common consequence of chronic blood loss. Low serum iron levels and high TIBC are indicative of iron deficiency.

Question 10

Which of the following is a useful clinical laboratory test for bile salt malabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Measurement of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a useful clinical laboratory test for bile salt malabsorption. This test measures a precursor in bile acid synthesis, which can be elevated in conditions of bile acid malabsorption.

Question 11

Which of the following clinical laboratory tests is useful for diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

Accepted Answer

Serum measurement of IgA, IgG, and cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) is useful for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) because these markers are associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, a common cause of PUD.

Question 12

A patient with suspected protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) would have which of the following laboratory results?

Accepted Answer

Fecal clearance of alpha-1-antitrypsin is a diagnostic test for protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), as it indicates protein loss through the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 13

Which of the following GI peptides relaxes smooth muscles of gut, blood, and genitourinary system; increases water and electrolyte secretion; and stimulates the release of hormones from pancreas, gut, and hypothalamus?

Accepted Answer

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is known for its effects on relaxing smooth muscles of the gut, blood vessels, and genitourinary system. It also increases water and electrolyte secretion and stimulates the release of hormones from the pancreas, gut, and hypothalamus.

Question 14

Which of the following statements is correct regarding glycocholic and taurocholate acid?

Accepted Answer

Glycocholic and taurocholate acid are bile acids, which are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. They play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.

Question 15

Which of the following test results are correct for a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is characterized by the presence of gastrin-secreting tumors (gastrinomas), usually in the pancreas or duodenum, leading to elevated levels of serum gastrin and increased basal gastric acid output. This results in peptic ulcers and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Question 16

The cutoff point for fasting serum glucose in the lactose tolerance test is > 30 mg/dL (> 1.7 mmol/L). Which of the following is the correct interpretation for a patient whose fasting serum glucose is < 20 mg/dL (<1.1 mmol/L)?

Accepted Answer

A fasting serum glucose level below the cutoff point suggests lactose intolerance, as the body is not properly digesting lactose, leading to lower glucose levels.

Question 17

The consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin can lead to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)...

Question 18

Which of the following laboratory results is consistent with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE)?

Accepted Answer

Protein-losing enteropathy is characterized by the loss of proteins from the gastrointestinal tract, leading to hypoalbuminemia due to the loss of albumin.

Quiz 16: Gastrointestinal Function