Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the term "drug toxicity"?
A) It refers to the effects of drugs that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences.
B) It refers to a phenomenon seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect.
C) It refers to the use of prescribed drugs in greater amounts than, or for purposes other than, those prescribed by a physician or dentist.
D) It refers to a state in which the individual uses the drug so frequently and consistently that it appears that it would be difficult for the person to get along without using the drug.

Accepted Answer

Drug toxicity specifically refers to the harmful effects of drugs that disrupt normal bodily functions, leading to dangerous or potentially dangerous outcomes.

Question 2

Which of the following statements best describes a drug recognition expert (DRE)?
A) A physician trained to recognize a variety of medication that is administered for drug-related problems
B) A police officer trained to examine intoxicated individuals to determine which of several classes of drugs caused the intoxication
C) A teacher trained to recognize the scent of burning marijuana in school premises
D) An emergency room personnel trained to record the actual cause behind drug-related emergency room visits in hospital emergency departments

Accepted Answer

A drug recognition expert (DRE) is specifically a police officer who has undergone training to identify the signs and symptoms of impairment caused by different categories of drugs. This allows them to determine what type of drug(s) a person may be under the influence of, particularly in cases of suspected driving under the influence (DUI) or similar offenses.

Question 3

In the United States, the ________ compiles data from death certificates and in most of these a cause of death is recorded.
A) Monitoring the Future study (MTF)
B) Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)
C) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)
D) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Accepted Answer

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is responsible for compiling data from death certificates, including the cause of death, as part of its role in monitoring and protecting public health in the United States.

Question 4

In 2008 it was reported that the incidence of new HIV infections associated with intravenous drug use had declined by 80 percent in the past 20 years. According to the text, which of these factors led to this decrease?
A) Syringe exchange programs
B) Sexual abstinence education
C) Increased Narcotics Anonymous attendance
D) Decreased use of hormonal contraceptives

Accepted Answer

Syringe exchange programs have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of HIV among intravenous drug users by providing them with clean, sterile needles, thus reducing the risk of HIV transmission through shared or reused needles.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of psychological dependence as a characteristic of substance use?
A) It is the toxicity resulting from the behavioral effects of a drug.
B) It is the reduced effect of a drug after repeated use.
C) It is indicated by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome, implying that the body has become adapted to the drug's presence.
D) It is indicated by the frequency of using a drug or by the amount of time or effort an individual spends in drug-seeking behavior.

Accepted Answer

Psychological dependence is characterized by the behavioral patterns associated with drug use, such as the frequency of use or the amount of time and effort spent in seeking the drug, rather than physical withdrawal symptoms or tolerance.

Question 6

Jonathan had tried cocaine when he was a school student and slowly started to use it regularly. He does odd jobs to earn money for buying cocaine. When he is unable to find jobs, he even robs people. Which of the following characteristics does Jonathan exhibit in this scenario?
A) Behavioral toxicity
B) Tolerance
C) Physical dependence
D) Psychological dependence

Accepted Answer

Jonathan exhibits psychological dependence, as indicated by his continued use of cocaine despite the negative consequences and his engagement in risky behaviors, such as robbing people, to obtain the drug. This shows a strong mental or emotional need for the drug.

Question 7

In the context of substance use, ________ is defined as a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated.
A) tolerance
B) reinforcement
C) antecedence
D) idealization

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement is a key concept in behavioral psychology, referring to a process where a behavior is followed by a consequence that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. This applies to substance use when the use of a substance leads to positive or negative reinforcement, thereby increasing the likelihood of continued use.

Question 8

In the context of substance use, which of the following is the significance of the animal research that led to the positive reinforcement model?
A) It indicates that prescription drugs are important contributors to overall drug toxicity figures.
B) It implies that psychological dependence is more important than physical dependence in explaining repeated drug use.
C) It points out the scientific value of the concept of reinforcement for understanding physical dependence.
D) It proves that using one of the gateway substances causes one to escalate to more deviant forms of drug use.

Accepted Answer

Animal research leading to the positive reinforcement model has shown that animals will repeatedly self-administer drugs that increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways, indicating that the pleasurable effects (psychological dependence) play a significant role in repeated drug use. This research underscores the importance of the brain's reward system in the process of addiction, rather than focusing solely on physical dependence.

Question 9

In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are administered urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2013, about ________ percent of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug.
A) 100
B) between 60 and 80
C) 0
D) between 10 and 30

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B) between 60 and 80 percent. This range is consistent with various studies and reports indicating a high prevalence of drug use among individuals arrested for crimes, reflecting the significant intersection between drug use and criminal behavior.

Question 10

To receive a diagnosis of substance use disorder, an individual must satisfy at least two diagnostic criteria, one of which has to be a symptom of physical dependence (tolerance or withdrawal).

Accepted Answer

The diagnosis of substance use disorder is based on a set of criteria that includes impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal), but not all criteria must be met for a diagnosis, and physical dependence is not a requirement.

Question 11

Reports from various brain-scanning experiments done on drug users indicate that drug dependence is caused by an underlying biological abnormality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reports from various brain-scanning experiments done on...

Question 12

The commission of crimes to obtain money for expensive illicit drugs is due to the artificially high cost of the drugs, not primarily to a pharmacological effect of the drug.

Accepted Answer

The high cost of illicit drugs is primarily due to their illegal status and the risks associated with their production, distribution, and sale, rather than the pharmacological effects of the drugs themselves. This creates an artificially inflated market price, leading some individuals to commit crimes to afford their drug use.

Quiz 2: Drug Use As a Social Problem

Which of the following statements best describes the term "drug toxicity"?

Which of the following statements best describes a drug recognition expert (DRE) ?

In the United States, the ________ compiles data from death certificates and in most of these a cause of death is recorded.

In 2008 it was reported that the incidence of new HIV infections associated with intravenous drug use had declined by 80 percent in the past 20 years. According to the text, which of these factors led to this decrease?

Which of the following statements is true of psychological dependence as a characteristic of substance use?

Jonathan had tried cocaine when he was a school student and slowly started to use it regularly. He does odd jobs to earn money for buying cocaine. When he is unable to find jobs, he even robs people. Which of the following characteristics does Jonathan exhibit in this scenario?

In the context of substance use, ________ is defined as a procedure in which a behavioral event is followed by a consequent event such that the behavior is then more likely to be repeated.

In the context of substance use, which of the following is the significance of the animal research that led to the positive reinforcement model?

In an annual study done by the U.S. Justice Department, people arrested for various crimes are administered urine tests to detect the presence of drugs. In 2013, about ________ percent of the adult male arrestees tested positive for at least one illicit drug.

To receive a diagnosis of substance use disorder, an individual must satisfy at least two diagnostic criteria, one of which has to be a symptom of physical dependence (tolerance or withdrawal).

Reports from various brain-scanning experiments done on drug users indicate that drug dependence is caused by an underlying biological abnormality.

The commission of crimes to obtain money for expensive illicit drugs is due to the artificially high cost of the drugs, not primarily to a pharmacological effect of the drug.