Professionalism, as a Body of Research, Does Not Have a Parallel

Professionalism, as a body of research, does not have a parallel counterpart in European communication studies. What is the main difference between how European communication scholars are trained and how North American traditions are trained?

A) European communication scholars are taught through apprenticeships
B) European communication scholars are taught at major US universities
C) European communication scholars are self-taught
D) A combination of all of the above
E) There is no difference