Question 1

Hypotheses state an expected causal relationship between _____ (or more)variables.
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)zero
E)It really doesn't matter how many variables there are.

Accepted Answer

Hypotheses typically state an expected causal relationship between two or more variables. Therefore, the best choice is B. A hypothesis cannot state a causal relationship between zero variables, so D is incorrect, and it cannot be certain how many variables are involved in a hypothesis without more context, so E is also incorrect.

Question 2

Traditionally,the final step in the model of science is:
A)observation.
B)theory.
C)hypothesis testing.
D)literature review.
E)operationalization.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Traditionally,the final step in the model of...

Question 3

Maurice has already developed a theory he is interested in,and has moved to defining what independent and dependent variables will be used,and how they will be measure.He is in which phase of research construction?
A)operationalization
B)hypothesis testing
C)observation
D)analysis
E)composition

Accepted Answer

Maurice is in the phase of operationalization, where he is defining the variables and how they will be measured.

Question 4

Grounded theory falls under the category of what overarching theory?
A)conflict paradigms
B)inductive theory
C)deductive theory
D)structural functionalism
E)early positivism

Accepted Answer

Grounded theory is a type of inductive theory, meaning that it is developed based on observations and data rather than existing theoretical frameworks.

Question 5

Rose is conducting research on what people perceive as "stalking" as a criminal behavior.Since people interpret the behaviors that make up stalking differently,which paradigm is she likely following?
A)conflict paradigm
B)feminist paradigms
C)structural functionalism
D)symbolic interactionism
E)social Darwinism

Accepted Answer

The paradigm that focuses on individuals' interpretations of behavior and the meanings attached to those behaviors is symbolic interactionism. As Rose is interested in how people perceive stalking, which can vary widely depending on the individual, she is likely following this paradigm.

Question 6

The hypothesis that no relationship exists among the variables being studied is known as the
A)experimental hypothesis.
B)alternative hypothesis.
C)effect hypothesis.
D)proven hypothesis.
E)null hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis is the hypothesis that states there is no relationship or difference between the variables being studied. It is the default hypothesis that researchers aim to reject or fail to reject through statistical analyses.

Question 7

Bob is interested in studying why his adolescent cousin Alex and his neighborhood
Friends became juvenile delinquents.Given his interests,he will most likely utilize __________ in conducting his research.
A)macrotheory
B)microtheory
C)Darwinist theory
D)inductive theory
E)conflict theory

Accepted Answer

Microtheory focuses on explaining individual behavior, making it the most appropriate approach for studying Bob's cousin and his friends. The other choices are unlikely to be relevant to studying juvenile delinquency.

Question 8

Jonathan has devised a research study to examine the sentencing discrepancies between those who were arrested for selling illicit drugs such as cocaine,and those who were dealing fraudulently obtained prescription drugs.He is likely using which paradigm?
A) social Darwinism.
B) symbolic interactionism.
C) ethnomethodology.
D) conflict paradigm.
E) feminist paradigms

Accepted Answer

The conflict paradigm emphasizes power and inequality in society, and Jonathan's study specifically focuses on the potential differences in sentencing based on the type of drug that was sold. This aligns with the conflict paradigm's interest in how power dynamics shape social outcomes.

Question 9

A specified testable expectation about reality is also known as a:
A)hypothesis.
B)axiom.
C)variable.
D)concept.
E)theory.

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a testable expectation about reality. It is an educated guess that serves as the basis for scientific inquiry and experimentation. Axioms are self-evident truths and are not testable hypotheses. Variables are factors that can change or be manipulated in an experiment. Concepts are ideas or abstract notions that are not necessarily testable. Theories are well-established explanations for natural phenomena and go beyond mere hypotheses.

Question 10

Cooley's "looking-glass self," which states that the characteristics that we attribute to
Ourselves are the same ones that we believe others attribute to us,is an example of the ________________ paradigm.
A)social Darwinism
B)conflict
C)symbolic interactionism
D)ethnomethodology
E)structural functionalism

Accepted Answer

Cooley's "looking-glass self" theory falls under the symbolic interactionism paradigm, which emphasizes on the importance of interactions and symbols in shaping social reality. This theory suggests that individuals shape their self-concept based on how they perceive others' judgments of them.

Question 11

The research paradigm that is based upon the notion that nothing has an objective meaning in society,but granted meaning by people agreeing upon things is:
A)conflict paradigm
B)critical race
C)symbolic interactionism
D)feminist paradigms

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionism is a research paradigm that emphasizes the subjective interpretation of social phenomena. It suggests that the meaning of anything in society is created through social interaction and negotiation. According to this paradigm, the way people perceive and interpret the world around them is shaped by subjective, symbolic meanings assigned to the things, people, and situations in their lives. Therefore, the meaning of any social object or event is contingent upon the elicited interpretation by the people involved in it.

Question 12

Professor Washington is conducting research on rates of recidivism after release from prison.He has defined one type of offender as "career criminals",who have committed at least two crimes a year for the past ten years for the purposes of his research.He has _____________ this concept?
A) operationalized.
B) described.
C) theorized.
D) defined.
E) interacted upon.

Accepted Answer

The term "career criminals" has been operationalized by defining specific criteria for inclusion in the group, namely committing at least two crimes a year for the past ten years. This operationalization makes it possible for the researcher to identify and study this group in a systematic way.

Question 13

Operationalizing a concept refers to
A)clarifying the meaning of the concept.
B)specifying how a concept is related to other concepts.
C)interpreting the results from the study of a concept.
D)selecting indicators to measure the concept.
E)comparing one concept to another.

Accepted Answer

Operationalizing a concept involves selecting indicators or measures that can capture the essence of the concept being studied. This process makes the concept more measurable and observable, allowing researchers to analyze and interpret data to draw conclusions. A, B, C, and E are all steps that may be taken in the research process but do not necessarily reflect operationalizing a concept.

Question 14

The paradigm that says that societies developed because the most advanced groups were able to dictate growth and policy is known as
A)early positivism.
B)social Darwinism.
C)ethnomethodology.
D)structural functionalism.
E)critical race theories.

Accepted Answer

The paradigm described here is commonly known as social Darwinism, which suggests that societies evolved through natural selection as stronger and more advanced groups dominated and imposed their will on weaker ones.

Question 15

Studying society as a system of interconnected components,such as examining the relationship between police,the courts,and the correctional system in criminal justice,is taking which kind of approach?
A)ethnomethodology
B)critical race theory
C)symbolic interactionism
D)structural functionalism
E)early positivism

Accepted Answer

Structural functionalism is a perspective that views society as a complex system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and order. By examining the relationship between the police, courts, and correctional system, a structural functionalist approach is taken. This approach analyzes how each component of the criminal justice system contributes to the overall functionality of the system as a whole.

Question 16

Distressed by his adolescent cousin's acts of delinquency,Bob decides to research why some adolescents become delinquents.He conducts ____________ research.
A)conflict
B)feminist
C)deductive
D)paradigm
E)inductive

Accepted Answer

Inductive research involves observing and gathering data to form theories or hypotheses, which would make sense in Bob's case as he is trying to understand why some adolescents become delinquents. Conflict research focuses on social inequalities and power struggles, feminist research focuses on gender inequalities, deductive research starts with a theory and tests it with data, and paradigm research involves examining fundamental assumptions and beliefs in a field.

Question 17

_______________ is a paradigm that makes no assumption about the existence or absence of an objective reality.
A)Positivism
B)Postmodernism
C)Modernism
D)Premodernism
E)Deconstructionism

Accepted Answer

Postmodernism is a paradigm that rejects the idea of an objective reality and instead argues that reality is shaped by individual perspectives and social constructs. It emphasizes the subjectivity of knowledge and the importance of questioning established truth claims.

Question 18

Beginning a research study after developing a theory and learning all that is known about it prior to observation is following what logical system?
A)deductive theory
B)inductive theory
C)structural functionalism
D)grounded theory
E)ethnomethodology

Accepted Answer

Deductive theory starts with a hypothesis or theory and tests it through empirical observation and data collection. It is a top-down approach where the researcher works from the general to the specific. In this case, the researcher developed a theory and learned all that is known about it prior to observation, which aligns with the deductive method.

Question 19

The __________ paradigm focuses on the attempt of individuals and groups to dominate others and to avoid being dominated.
A)positivistic
B)social Darwinist
C)conflict
D)feminist
E)critical race

Accepted Answer

The conflict paradigm emphasizes the idea that society is the result of the struggle between different groups or classes who are competing for scarce resources. It assumes that those with power and resources have the ability to dominate those without them, and that there is a constant struggle between those who have and those who do not. In this sense, the conflict paradigm's main focus is to understand how power relations are maintained, and how social inequality is reproduced over time.

Question 20

The ____________ paradigm suggests that we define "reality" as that which can be seen to have an effect.
A)positivistic
B)conflict
C)feminist
D)critical realism
E)critical race

Accepted Answer

The critical realism paradigm suggests that we define "reality" as that which can be seen to have an effect. This approach acknowledges that reality exists independently of our understanding of it, but also recognizes that our understanding of reality is limited by the information available to us.

Quiz 2: Paradigms,theory,and Social Research

Hypotheses state an expected causal relationship between _____ (or more) variables.

Traditionally,the final step in the model of science is:

Maurice has already developed a theory he is interested in,and has moved to defining what independent and dependent variables will be used,and how they will be measure.He is in which phase of research construction?

Grounded theory falls under the category of what overarching theory?

Rose is conducting research on what people perceive as "stalking" as a criminal behavior.Since people interpret the behaviors that make up stalking differently,which paradigm is she likely following?

The hypothesis that no relationship exists among the variables being studied is known as the

Bob is interested in studying why his adolescent cousin Alex and his neighborhood Friends became juvenile delinquents.Given his interests,he will most likely utilize __________ in conducting his research.

Jonathan has devised a research study to examine the sentencing discrepancies between those who were arrested for selling illicit drugs such as cocaine,and those who were dealing fraudulently obtained prescription drugs.He is likely using which paradigm?

A specified testable expectation about reality is also known as a:

Cooley's "looking-glass self," which states that the characteristics that we attribute to Ourselves are the same ones that we believe others attribute to us,is an example of the ________________ paradigm.

The research paradigm that is based upon the notion that nothing has an objective meaning in society,but granted meaning by people agreeing upon things is:

Professor Washington is conducting research on rates of recidivism after release from prison.He has defined one type of offender as "career criminals",who have committed at least two crimes a year for the past ten years for the purposes of his research.He has _____________ this concept?

Operationalizing a concept refers to

The paradigm that says that societies developed because the most advanced groups were able to dictate growth and policy is known as

Studying society as a system of interconnected components,such as examining the relationship between police,the courts,and the correctional system in criminal justice,is taking which kind of approach?

Distressed by his adolescent cousin's acts of delinquency,Bob decides to research why some adolescents become delinquents.He conducts ____________ research.

_______________ is a paradigm that makes no assumption about the existence or absence of an objective reality.

Beginning a research study after developing a theory and learning all that is known about it prior to observation is following what logical system?

The __________ paradigm focuses on the attempt of individuals and groups to dominate others and to avoid being dominated.

The ____________ paradigm suggests that we define "reality" as that which can be seen to have an effect.