Question 1

Red blood cells (RBCs)are also called erythrocytes and are the most abundant cells in the body.They account for 40% to 45% of the blood.The percent of blood made up of RBCs is measured by a laboratory is known as:

Accepted Answer

Hematocrit is the measure of the number of RBCs in the blood.

Question 2

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)is a measure of an individual's resting metabolic rate; this rate is said to be constant among individuals under similar circumstances.The BMR takes into account the resting function of all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

BMR is a measure of the resting state; therefore,there is no food intake within several hours for the person to be considered resting.Digestion is an act of breaking down food substances for the purpose of providing energy.

Question 3

Plasma is an extracellular fluid found in the bloodstream.This fluid is composed of protein and fibrinogen.How much protein is in plasma?

Accepted Answer

Depending on the source used,plasma contains 7% albumin (protein); 90% water; 1% inorganic salts; and 2% a mixture of antibiotics,vitamins,and minerals.

Question 4

Oxygen transport can be affected by fluid balance.All of the following conditions would create a disturbance in fluid balance and ultimately affect oxygen transport except:

Accepted Answer

Blood plasma plays no role in the regulation of fluid levels,the composition of which has minimal water.

Question 5

What is the normal hematocrit value for women?

Accepted Answer

The normal hematocrit value for women is 38%.

Question 6

Considering the following equation,CO = SV ¥ HR,a change in preload would translate into an initial modification in which variable?

Accepted Answer

The components that affect stroke volume are preload,myocardial dispensability and contractility,and afterload.A change to any of the above would affect the stroke volume immediately and subsequently affect cardiac output.

Question 7

Nitrogen is the largest component of atmospheric (room)air.This concentration of nitrogen gas in the air is physiologically important to the mechanics of respiration for which of the following reasons?

Accepted Answer

Nitrogen is an inert gas that is not absorbed by the lungs or body tissues; therefore,it maintains the alveoli in an open state

Question 8

The majority of oxygen that is carried in the bloodstream is bound (combined)with hemoglobin,although not every molecule of oxygen is bound.What is the approximate percentage of oxygen that is dissolved in blood?

Accepted Answer

Roughly 2% of the oxygen we use is dissolved in blood.The remaining oxygen is bound to the hemoglobin molecule.

Question 9

A patient is seen in the hospital with a long-standing history of work in the automobile industry as a painter.During the history,the patient reveals that he rarely,if ever,used a respirator during the execution of his job.This factor may lead you to believe the presence of what condition in the lung tissue that might be a predisposing factor to his respiratory compromise?

Accepted Answer

All of these conditions may be present; however,the particulate matter that would have been inhaled from the spray paint by not wearing a respirator would be the most appropriate response because it is the root of the problem.

Question 10

In peripheral circulation,the vessels have a layer of smooth muscle.This is used to assist in the movement of blood through the system.Large vessels with greater amounts of muscle respond to all of the following forms of stimulation except:

Accepted Answer

The rate at which or the degree to which peripheral tissues are perfused is of no consequence to the composition of a blood vessel.

Question 11

The movement of oxygen from the capillaries to the mitochondria is known as _________ and is regulated in part by metabolic rate,vascular resistance,and capillary recruitment.

Accepted Answer

Oxygen movement from the capillaries to the mitochondria occurs by diffusion, which is regulated by metabolic rate (amount of oxygen needed by tissues), vascular resistance (diameter of blood vessels), and capillary recruitment (opening of new capillaries to increase blood flow to the tissues). Option A is incorrect because oxygen transport usually refers to the movement of oxygen in the blood by hemoglobin. Option C is incorrect because convection refers to the movement of fluids (including blood) by a pressure gradient, whereas in this case, oxygen moves by diffusion, which only relies on a concentration gradient. Option D is incorrect because oxygen degradation isn't a process happening in the body; rather, the body utilizes and consumes oxygen for energy production.

Question 12

Concerning the process of oxygen transport,all of the following are essential to the process except:

Accepted Answer

Cellular uptake of oxygen,utilization of oxygen in the tissue,and delivery of fully oxygenated blood to the peripheral tissue are all important in the process of oxygen transport.

Question 13

What is the normal hematocrit value for men?

Accepted Answer

The normal hematocrit value for men is 42%.

Question 14

The effects of recumbency (bed rest)on patients have been described as detrimental and leading to a state of general deconditioning.This negative condition can be affected through the interventions of physical therapy by simply:

Accepted Answer

This condition can be affected by restoration of upright positioning.

Question 15

When considering the implementation of a wellness program for individuals with oxygen transportation conditions,it is important to minimize the other factors that can perturb the system in healthy individuals.All of the following are such perturbations except:

Accepted Answer

Gravitational stress,exercise stress,and emotional stress are perturbations for healthy individuals.Decreased mobility is the exception for healthy individuals.

Question 16

Cellular ATP and creatine phosphate are used first for energy as the patient or client initiates exercise activities; food substances are necessary to maintain energy stores.The process by which energy is created within the body is:

Accepted Answer

The specific process identified as responsible for the metabolism of food substance is glycolysis.

Question 17

A physical therapist places a patient in a deep water environment to assist in training after an Achilles tendon repair.The therapist notices that the patient's heart rate increase quicker than in the shallow water performing the same activities.What is a likely cause?

Accepted Answer

The water exerts a pressure against the patient's lower extremities,thus increasing the peripheral resistance and increasing afterload.

Question 18

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration.All of the following factors or conditions have the potential to impede diaphragmatic excursion except:

Accepted Answer

The size of the diaphragm has no bearing on the ability of the muscle to move during contraction.The other options either physically or through pressure gradients make diaphragmatic excursion difficult.

Question 19

What is the minimum intracellular oxygen pressure needed to support metabolism?

Accepted Answer

The minimum intracellular oxygen pressure needed to support metabolism is 3 mm Hg.

Question 20

A patient is seen with a complaint of an inability to breathe.The patient describes episodes whereby he is unable to "catch [his] breath." After completing an examination,it is determined that the left chest wall is incongruent with the right during inspiration.This physical change could be precipitated by what physiologic change?

Accepted Answer

A change in the intrapleural pressure gradient is a physiologic change that could have resulted from any of the other physical changes.

Quiz 2: Oxygen Transport: the Basis of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy

Red blood cells (RBCs) are also called erythrocytes and are the most abundant cells in the body.They account for 40% to 45% of the blood.The percent of blood made up of RBCs is measured by a laboratory is known as:

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measure of an individual's resting metabolic rate; this rate is said to be constant among individuals under similar circumstances.The BMR takes into account the resting function of all but which of the following?