Question 1

Which is part of Gernsbacher's structure building framework?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Reducing the activation level of concepts no longer relevant to the meaning of a sentence is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Suppression refers to the process of reducing the activation level of concepts that are no longer relevant to the current context or meaning of a sentence, helping to focus on the relevant information.

Question 3

"Advantage of first mention" is:

Accepted Answer

DThe "advantage of first mention" refers to the phenomenon where characters or ideas introduced at the beginning of a discourse tend to be more memorable and significant to the audience. This concept is closely related to how individuals process and retain information, making it easier to connect and refer back to these early-mentioned elements throughout the discourse. Additionally, it involves the mental processes of reference, implication, and inference during language comprehension, as these early-mentioned elements often serve as key reference points for understanding and connecting later parts of the discourse.

Question 4

Which is NOT true of sentences with definite and indefinite articles?

Accepted Answer

Indefinite articles (like "a" or "an") do not typically produce greater brain activation than definite articles ("the"). Definite articles are used to refer to specific entities known to the speaker and listener, aiding in discourse coherence and efficient mapping, while indefinite articles introduce non-specific entities.

Question 5

Taken together, the following two sentences Andrew wanted to talk to Jackie. He rang her provide an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

The term "anaphoric reference" refers to the use of a word or phrase to refer back to something mentioned earlier in the text. In this case, "her" refers back to "Jackie," making it an example of an anaphoric reference.

Question 6

Situation models:

Accepted Answer

Situation models represent the real-world situation described in a passage of text, integrating various types of information, including spatial and temporal, to create a mental representation of the described scenario.

Question 7

Clark refers to the process of constructing a connection between concepts as:

Accepted Answer

Clark's concept of "bridging" refers to the process of constructing a connection between concepts, which is essential for understanding and communication. This involves making inferences to connect new information with existing knowledge.

Question 8

Which of the following represents "indirect reference by association"?

Accepted Answer

B) Probable parts: This choice illustrates "indirect reference by association" because the broken bindings are associated with the snowboard Erick bought, even though the sentence doesn't explicitly state that the bindings belong to that snowboard. The association is made through the context of Erick buying a used snowboard, leading the reader to infer that the bindings mentioned are part of that snowboard.

Question 9

Saccades during reading:

Accepted Answer

Saccades during reading are typically shorter than those during scene perception because reading requires quick, precise eye movements to process text efficiently.

Question 10

Saccades during reading last approximately:

Accepted Answer

Saccades during reading typically last approximately 20 to 40 milliseconds, with 30 ms being a common average duration.

Question 11

The sentence "Jake went into his office. The floor was very dirty" is most associated with:

Accepted Answer

Inferences during comprehension involve readers or listeners using additional information not explicitly stated in the text to understand the context or implications. In this case, the reader might infer that Jake's office is not regularly cleaned or that something unusual happened to make the floor dirty, even though these details are not directly mentioned.

Question 12

During a conversation, which of the following reflects second-order theory?

Accepted Answer

Second-order theory involves understanding what others know or think about us. It's a level of social cognition where we consider the other person's perspective on ourselves, which is reflected in option C.

Question 13

Which of the following is one of Grice's Conversational Maxims?

Accepted Answer

Grice's Conversational Maxims include the Maxim of Manner, which relates to how something is said, emphasizing clarity, brevity, and orderliness in communication.

Question 14

The idea that each participant in a conversation implicitly assumes that all speakers are following the rules and that each contribution to the conversation is a sincere, appropriate contribution. The most basic conversational postulate, stating that participants cooperate by sharing information in an honest fashion:

Accepted Answer

The "Co-operative" principle, proposed by H.P. Grice, is the foundational idea that participants in a conversation are expected to cooperate by making contributions that are sincere, relevant, and appropriate to the context, thus ensuring effective communication.

Question 15

Although adults' initially planned utterances are egocentric (ambiguous or difficult for the listener to comprehend), over time they:

Accepted Answer

Adults tend to edit and monitor their speech plan, adjusting it as needed to ensure clarity and effectiveness in communication. This involves revising their initially planned utterances to make them less egocentric and more comprehensible to the listener.

Question 16

The question "Can you pass me the ketchup" is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This question is an example of indirect speech because it is phrased as a question rather than a direct command (e.g., "Pass me the ketchup"), making it a more polite or softened request.

Question 17

The concepts of authorized and unauthorized implications are associated with Clark's notion of bridging.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concepts of authorized and unauthorized implications...

Question 18

Saint-Aubim and Klein (2001) investigated the missing letter effect (MLE) They found that function words were less likely to receive attention than content words, and were therefore more likely to be omitted.

Accepted Answer

Saint-Aubin and Klein (2001) indeed investigated the missing letter effect (MLE) and found that function words were less likely to receive attention than content words, leading to a higher likelihood of omission.

Question 19

Although some exception words (like one) and pseudohomophones (like wun) are pronounced the same, neuroimaging research has found they activate separate brain regions.

Accepted Answer

Neuroimaging research has shown that the brain processes exception words (like "one") and their pseudohomophones (like "wun") differently, activating separate brain regions. This is because exception words and pseudohomophones are processed through different cognitive pathways - the former often through a lexical route that recognizes the word as a whole, and the latter through a phonological route that processes the sounds of the letters.

Question 20

Some exception words (like one) and pseudohomophones (like wun) are pronounced the same. What does recent neuroinmaging work tell us about brain activation while pronouncing these words?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some exception words (like one) and pseudohomophones...

Quiz 10: Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language