Question 1

Complete the following table:
 $\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline \text { Type of speech sound disorder } & \text { Description } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Example of a speech error } \
\text { characteristic of this type of } \
\text { speech sound disorder }
\end{array} \
\hline \text { phonological impairment } & & \
\hline \text { inconsistent speech disorder } & & \
\hline \text { articulation impairment } & & \
\hline \text { childhood apraxia of speech } & & \
\hline \text { childhood dysarthria } & & \
\hline
\end{array}$

Accepted Answer

Here is the completed table with descriptions and examples for each type of speech sound disorder:

\[
\begin{array}{|l|l|l|}
\hline
\textbf{Type of speech sound disorder} & \textbf{Description} & \textbf{Example of a speech error characteristic of this type of speech sound disorder} \
\hline
\text{Phonological impairment} & Difficulty in the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations. & Using "tup" for "cup" (substitution of /t/ for /k/ sound). \
\hline
\text{Inconsistent speech disorder} & Variability in producing the same words correctly across different attempts without a consistent pattern. & Saying "kite" as "tike," "kite," or "kide" on different occasions. \
\hline
\text{Articulation impairment} & Difficulty with the physical production of specific speech sounds. & Difficulty pronouncing the "r" sound, resulting in "wabbit" for "rabbit." \
\hline
\text{Childhood apraxia of speech} & A motor speech disorder where children have difficulty planning and coordinating the movements needed for speech. & Inconsistent errors, such as difficulty stringing syllables together in the correct order, resulting in "pasketti" for "spaghetti." \
\hline
\text{Childhood dysarthria} & A motor speech disorder resulting from neurological damage that causes weakness, paralysis, or poor coordination of the muscles for speech. & Slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand, such as "shun" for "sun." \
\hline
\end{array}
\]

This table provides a brief overview of different speech sound disorders, their descriptions, and examples of speech errors that are characteristic of each disorder.

Question 2

List the three key features of childhood apraxia of speech in ASHA's (2007) childhood apraxia of speech position statement.

Accepted Answer

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) released a position statement in 2007 on Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), which is a motor speech disorder that makes it difficult for children to speak. According to ASHA's 2007 position statement, the three key features of childhood apraxia of speech are:

1. Inconsistent errors on consonants and vowels in repeated productions of syllables or words: Children with CAS often do not consistently produce the same speech errors. For example, they may say a word correctly once, but then have difficulty repeating it the same way subsequently, resulting in various pronunciations of the same word or sound.

2. Lengthened and disrupted coarticulatory transitions between sounds and syllables: Children with CAS may exhibit abnormal timing in the transition from one sound or syllable to another. This can result in pauses, prolongations, or disruptions in the rhythmic flow of speech, making their speech sound choppy or disjointed.

3. Inappropriate prosody, especially in the realization of lexical or phrasal stress: Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. Children with CAS may struggle with the appropriate use of prosody, which can affect the naturalness and intelligibility of their speech. They might place stress on the wrong syllable or word, or have a monotone speech pattern, which can make it difficult for listeners to understand the intended meaning.

These features are used to help differentiate CAS from other types of speech sound disorders. It is important to note that not all children with CAS will exhibit all three features, and the presence of these features alone does not necessarily confirm a diagnosis of CAS. A comprehensive evaluation by a speech-language pathologist is necessary to accurately diagnose and treat childhood apraxia of speech.

Question 3

What is the difference between speech sound disorder and speech difference?

Accepted Answer

Speech sound disorder and speech difference are two distinct concepts related to the way individuals produce spoken language. Understanding the difference between the two is important for proper diagnosis and intervention.

**Speech Sound Disorder:**
A speech sound disorder occurs when a person has difficulty producing certain sounds correctly. This difficulty is not due to a physical disability, such as a cleft palate, or a neurological disorder, but rather to a problem with the perception, motor production, or phonological representation of speech sounds. Speech sound disorders can be categorized into two types:

1. Articulation Disorders: These involve problems with the physical production of sounds. The person may substitute one sound for another, omit a sound, add a sound, or distort a sound. For example, a child might say "wabbit" instead of "rabbit" or "thoap" instead of "soap."

2. Phonological Disorders: These involve patterns of sound errors. For example, a child might have trouble with all sounds that require the lips to come together, like "p," "b," and "m." They might replace these sounds with others that are produced in the back of the mouth, like "k" and "g."

Speech sound disorders can affect a person's ability to be understood, which can impact communication and social interaction. They are often identified in early childhood and can be treated with speech therapy.

**Speech Difference:**
A speech difference, on the other hand, is a variation in speech that is characteristic of a particular group of people and is not considered a disorder. Speech differences can be attributed to a person's dialect, accent, or language background. For example, someone might pronounce words differently because they are from a different region or country, or they speak a different language at home. These differences do not interfere with communication and are a natural part of linguistic diversity.

Speech differences are not indicative of a speech or language disorder and do not require intervention. However, it is important for educators and clinicians to recognize and respect speech differences to avoid misdiagnosing them as disorders.

In summary, a speech sound disorder is a difficulty with the production of speech sounds that can affect intelligibility and requires intervention, while a speech difference is a variation in speech that reflects a person's cultural or linguistic background and is considered a normal part of language diversity.

Question 4

Explain the difference between a phonological delay and phonological disorder.

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Question 5

List four other terms synonymous with residual articulation errors.

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Question 6

List six subtypes of childhood dysarthria.

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Question 7

List the six interacting components of the Children and Youth Version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF-CY) (WHO, 2007)

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Question 8

List six known origins of speech sound disorders in children.

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Question 9

Describe two types of communication disorders that can co-occur with speech sound disorders.

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Question 10

Explain what is meant by the critical age hypothesis.

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Question 11

Discuss the difference between phonological delay, phonological disorder and inconsistent speech (phonological) disorder, and, using recent research compare and contrast the literacy outcomes for each type of phonology-based speech sound disorder.

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Question 12

What is the nature of the difficulty for children with an articulation impairment involving sibilants or rhotics? Consider research literature on speech perception and speech production.

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Question 13

Compare and contrast definitions and key symptoms of childhood apraxia of speech by different researchers, and the implications of the controversy around the key symptoms of childhood apraxia of speech for assessment, diagnosis and intervention.

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Question 14

Discuss the similarities and differences between inconsistent speech disorder, childhood apraxia of speech, and childhood dysarthria.

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Question 15

Compare and contrast the four different speech sound disorders classification systems and explain why different classification systems exist.

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Question 16

Using the Children and Youth Version of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF-CY) (WHO, 2007), discuss what is known from research about the impact of speech sound disorders on children's Activities and Participation.

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Question 17

Explain how environmental factors (e.g., products and technology, relationships, society attitudes, in addition to speech-language pathology services) could help or hinder children with speech sound disorders.

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Question 18

What do we know about genes and speech sound disorders in children?

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Question 19

Select one childhood genetic disorder or syndrome that has been associated with speech sound disorder (e.g., Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, and galactosemia). Describe the genetic disorder or syndrome and associated speech difficulties.

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Question 20

Select one type of communication impairment (e.g., expressive language impairment, stuttering), that can co-occur with speech sound disorders, and discuss the characteristics and outcomes for children with co-occurring impairments.

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Quiz 2: Classification, Causes, and Co-Occurrence