Question 1

The exosystem refers to the culture in which students and teachers live, including the society's values and customs.

Accepted Answer

The exosystem refers to experiences in another setting that influence a child's education by influencing the quality of schools, parks, etc.

Question 2

The chronosystem refers to a student's sociohistorical conditions, such as whether he or she attended preschool.

Accepted Answer

The chronosystem refers to a student's sociohistorical conditions, such as experiences he or she had in the past.

Question 3

Bronfenbrenner's theory has been instrumental in bringing to attention the importance of looking at children's lives in more than one setting.

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner's theory provides one of the few theoretical frameworks for examining social contexts.

Question 4

Bronfenbrenner's theory has been instrumental in bringing to attention the importance of biological and cognitive factors in children's development.

Accepted Answer

Critics of Bronfenbrenner's theory say that he gives too little attention to biological and cognitive factors in children's development.

Question 5

Erikson's life-span development theory was a critical force in forging our current view of human development as life-long rather than being restricted to childhood.

Accepted Answer

His theory includes developmental stages from infancy to late adulthood.

Question 6

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, developmental stages occur in a standard sequence at particular times in a person's life.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stages of development are like "beads on a string."The sequence and timing of each stage is fixed.

Question 7

Children of authoritarian parents tend to be self-reliant and have high self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Children of authoritarian parents tend to be anxious, fail to initiate activity, and have poor communication skills.

Question 8

Adolescents who have their activities and behaviors monitored by their parents often become delinquents.

Accepted Answer

Parental monitoring of adolescents is especially important in determining whether an adolescent becomes a delinquent. A recent study revealed that maternal monitoring was linked to a lower incidence of delinquency in Latino girls.

Question 9

The Montessori approach to early childhood education emphasizes student rights and parent participation.

Accepted Answer

The Reggio Emilia approach to early childhood education emphasizes student rights and parent participation. The Montessori approach gives children considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. A special emphasis in Montessori schools is to encourage children to make decisions at an early age and become self-regulated problem solvers who manage time effectively.

Question 10

Some research suggests that children with poor peer relations are more likely to drop out of school and display delinquent behavior when they reach adolescence.

Accepted Answer

In one study, poor peer relations in childhood was associated with dropping out of school and delinquent behavior in adolescence.

Question 11

Lacking friends has been linked to depression and lower grades in middle school children.

Accepted Answer

According to one study, sixth-grade students who did not have a friend engaged in less prosocial behavior, had lower grades, and were more emotionally distressed than their counterparts with one or more friends.

Question 12

According to recent research, students with older friends are more likely to engage in deviant behavior than their counterparts who have same-age friends.

Accepted Answer

According to Berndt (1996), students with older friends are more likely to engage in deviant behavior than their counterparts who have same-age friends.

Question 13

In the United States, females are equally likely as males to drop out of high school, and dropout rates among all races are equal.

Accepted Answer

Males are more likely than females to drop out (12.2 versus 9.3 percent). From 1972 through 2000, the school dropout rate for Latinos remained very high and the African American dropout rate was still higher than the White non-Latino rate.

Question 14

Kohlberg believed that the most important factor in adolescence involves identity.

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that the most important factor in adolescence involves identity.

Question 15

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, for an individual at the conventional level, morality is completely internalized and not based on external standards.

Accepted Answer

At the conventional level, internalization is intermediate. The child abides by certain standards, but they are essentially those imposed by others.

Question 16

Kohlberg believed that a child's moral thinking can be advanced through discussions with others who reason at the next higher stage.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's work supports this conclusion. Thus, adults are encouraged to help children's moral thinking through discussions (not lectures).

Question 17

Which of the following actions by teachers would most likely reduce the self-esteem of an elementary school child?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback will most likely lead to a reduction in a child's self-esteem.

Question 18

Persistent low self-esteem is linked with all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Low self-esteem is linked with depression, eating disorders, low achievement, and delinquency.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about children's self-esteem is False ?

Accepted Answer

High self-esteem children are prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions. For example, they are more likely than children with low self-esteem to defend victims against bullies; but they are also more likely to be bullies.

Question 20

Which of the following questions addresses the cognitive domain of moral development?

Accepted Answer

In the cognitive domain, the key issue is how students reason or think about rules for ethical conduct.

Quiz 3: Social Contexts and Socioemotional Development