Question 1

The type of discipline that is most effective with a particular child is one that best matches the child's personality and temperament. This notion exemplifies

Accepted Answer

Goodness of fit refers to the compatibility between an individual's temperament and the characteristics of their environment, including parenting styles and discipline methods. It suggests that the effectiveness of discipline is enhanced when it aligns with the child's personality and temperament.

Question 2

The disciplinary strategy referred to as power assertion involves

Accepted Answer

Power assertion is a disciplinary strategy that involves the use of commands, threats, and physical force to enforce rules and correct misbehavior.

Question 3

Which parental disciplinary strategy appears to be most effective in stimulating moral development?

Accepted Answer

Induction, which involves explaining the consequences of a child's actions on others, is considered most effective for stimulating moral development. It helps children understand the reasons behind rules and the importance of considering others' feelings, fostering empathy and moral reasoning.

Question 4

Fearful, as opposed to fearless, children need a disciplinary style characterized by

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fearful, as opposed to fearless, children need...

Question 5

Sarah is constantly disobeying her mother when they go to the store. To make her behave, her mother spanks her in front of everyone. According to the text, which type of parental discipline is being employed in the above example?

Accepted Answer

Power assertion is a form of discipline that involves the use of physical force or the threat of it, as well as the removal of privileges as a way to enforce rules. In the example, the mother uses spanking, a form of physical force, to correct Sarah's behavior, which aligns with the definition of power assertion.

Question 6

Maya has just been caught lying to one of her sisters. Her father takes her aside and explains to her why such behaviours are not acceptable and tells her that she has broken her sister's trust in her. According to the text, which type of parental discipline is being employed in the above example?

Accepted Answer

Induction involves explaining the consequences of a child's actions on others, aiming to teach understanding and empathy. In the scenario, Maya's father is using induction by explaining how her actions have affected her sister's trust.

Question 7

When making sense of the relationship between moral reasoning and moral behaviour,

Accepted Answer

The answer of When making sense of the relationship between...

Question 8

Researchers interested in prosocial behaviour study

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior refers to voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another individual or group of individuals. This includes acts of kindness, sharing, helping, and cooperating, which are considered socially desirable behaviors.

Question 9

How does empathy differ from sympathy?

Accepted Answer

Sympathy involves feeling concern for another without necessarily sharing their emotions, while empathy involves understanding and sharing the feelings of another.

Question 10

Hoffman developed a six-stage model of the development of empathy. Which of the following alternatives is a more mature level of empathy than the others?

Accepted Answer

Empathizing with the homeless represents a more mature level of empathy because it involves understanding and sharing the feelings of a broad group of people outside one's immediate experience, indicating a higher level of cognitive and emotional development.

Question 11

Tommy's mother tripped and hurt her knee. Tears came to her eyes and she briefly cried. Seeing her pain, Tommy tried to comfort her by offering her his "blankie" to hold. Tommy's behaviour is characteristic of which stage of Hoffman's six-stage model of the development of empathy?

Accepted Answer

Stage 3 of Hoffman's model is characterized by egocentric empathy, where individuals can recognize and respond to the distress of others but may not fully understand their perspective. Tommy's behavior of offering his "blankie" to his mother in an attempt to comfort her is an example of egocentric empathy.

Question 12

Which of the following can be viewed as a precursor to empathy that can be seen during the first few months of life?

Accepted Answer

Reflexively crying upon hearing the cries of other infants is considered a precursor to empathy. This response, observed in the first few months of life, indicates an early form of emotional contagion, where infants can be affected by and respond to the emotional expressions of others, laying the groundwork for the development of empathy.

Question 13

Logan sees his best friend crying because he has hurt his finger. Upon seeing his friend's distress, he begins sucking his thumb. Logan's behaviour is characteristic of which stage of Hoffman's six-stage model of the development of empathy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Logan sees his best friend crying because...

Question 14

The belief that children can display prosocial behaviour before they are able to perceive a situation from another's perspective or experience empathy is supported by evidence that

Accepted Answer

All the options provided (A, B, C) are examples of prosocial behavior that can occur before a child is fully capable of understanding another's perspective or feeling empathy. Babies responding to the cries of others, toddlers helping with chores, and infants sharing toys are all behaviors that suggest a predisposition towards prosocial actions independent of sophisticated cognitive empathy.

Question 15

Hastings, Utendale, and Sullivan (2007) have reported that preschoolers

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers who demonstrate unselfish concern for others are likely to receive similar concern from their peers, as reported by Hastings, Utendale, and Sullivan (2007).

Question 16

From among the following, who is most likely to help their mother clean up the house?

Accepted Answer

Anna, being 11 years old, is the oldest and most likely to have the capability and understanding to help with cleaning tasks.

Question 17

When faced with conflict, young adults favour __________ and children favour __________.

Accepted Answer

Young adults tend to use negotiation as a conflict resolution strategy, while children often resort to coercion due to their developmental stage and limited conflict resolution skills.

Question 18

When faced with a conflict, adolescents tend to favour ___________, whereas they employ both ___________ and __________ less often.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents are more likely to favor negotiation as a strategy for resolving conflicts, showing a preference for talking through issues. They are less likely to use coercion, which involves forcing someone to act in a certain way, or disengagement, which involves withdrawing from the conflict, as their primary strategies.

Question 19

The ability to negotiate is related to

Accepted Answer

The ability to negotiate effectively is indeed related to a combination of skills: increased verbal abilities to articulate thoughts and understandings clearly, increased understanding of mental and emotional states to empathize and strategize according to others' perspectives, and increased self-regulatory capacities to manage one's emotions and impulses during the negotiation process.

Question 20

A longitudinal study followed two groups of children for ten years. As toddlers, group A displayed more personal distress, empathy, and other expressions of concern than group B. Ten years later, group A was more kind and considerate than group B. Based on research presented in the text, group A is probably

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that females tend to display more empathy and nurturing behaviors than males, which aligns with the characteristics described for group A.

Quiz 14: Moral Development