Question 1

Suppose that you witnessed a hold-up at a bank, and you were later asked to help a police artist develop a sketch of the robber. You would rely on _______ to develop the sketch.

Accepted Answer

Recall memory involves retrieving information from memory without the aid of cues, which is necessary when describing the robber to the artist.

Question 2

Rosita's baby sitter lives in an apartment complex with an unusual and striking entrance. Every morning when Rosita's father carries her through the entrance on the way to the sitter's apartment, Rosita begins to bounce and babble in excitement. Rosita's behaviour best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Rosita's behavior illustrates recognition memory, which is the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or people. Her excitement upon seeing the entrance indicates she recognizes it as a sign she is going to a place she associates with positive experiences.

Question 3

Victor's parents brought him to Disneyland when he was 5 years old. He relies on __________ to remember his trip.

Accepted Answer

Victor relies on autobiographical memory to remember his trip to Disneyland, as this type of memory involves recalling personal experiences and events from one's own life.

Question 4

Habituation studies have been relied on to investigate the information processing abilities of nonverbal infants. Dishabituation or the __________ informs researchers about the infant's recognition memory.

Accepted Answer

Dishabituation refers to the recovery of a response to a new stimulus, indicating that the infant has noticed a change in the environment, which suggests recognition memory.

Question 5

We can learn a lot about newborn memory capabilities through __________ studies.

Accepted Answer

Studies in habituation, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning all provide insights into newborn memory capabilities, as they each involve learning and memory processes that can be observed and measured in infants.

Question 6

Studies that demonstrate newborns prefer to listen to stories and languages they were exposed to in utero provide evidence that very young infants are capable of

Accepted Answer

The preference of newborns to listen to stories and languages they were exposed to in utero is evidence of recognition memory, as it shows they can recognize and show preference for stimuli they were previously exposed to.

Question 7

The habituation paradigm is used to test _______ in infants.

Accepted Answer

The habituation paradigm is used to test recognition memory in infants by measuring their decreased response to repeated stimuli, indicating they recognize the stimulus.

Question 8

The fact that babies as young as 2 months of age will kick their leg in order to make a mobile jump suggests that

Accepted Answer

Babies kicking their leg to make a mobile jump demonstrates that they engage in behavior to produce an interesting outcome, indicating an understanding of cause and effect and a desire for stimulation, rather than classical conditioning, biological needs satisfaction, or habituation.

Question 9

Flavie is 2 months old. Her parents have bought her a new play mat that includes a mobile. When kicked, the mobile will light up and play music. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

At 2 months old, infants are beginning to develop the ability to learn cause and effect relationships. Flavie can learn that her actions, such as kicking, can lead to a reaction from the mobile, like lighting up and playing music. This is a basic form of learning and memory, indicating that choice B is incorrect. While infants can be soothed by certain stimuli, the specific claim in choice C that Flavie will use the mobile to prevent herself from getting upset is not directly supported by the information given, as it implies a level of strategic thinking that is not typically developed at 2 months old.

Question 10

One- and two-day-old infants received a sucrose solution. The sucrose served as an unconditioned stimulus that elicited the unconditioned response of sucking. The conditioned stimulus consisted of the experimenter stroking the baby's forehead immediately before the delivery of sucrose. The conditioned response is the

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to elicit a specific reaction. In this scenario, the forehead stroking (conditioned stimulus) becomes associated with the sucrose (unconditioned stimulus), leading to sucking (unconditioned response) when the sucrose is presented. Over time, the infant learns to suck in response to the forehead stroking alone, making this the conditioned response.

Question 11

One- and two-day-old infants received a sucrose solution. The sucrose served as an unconditioned stimulus that elicited the unconditioned response of sucking. Milliseconds before the delivery of sucrose, the experimenter stroked the baby's forehead. Eventually, to the stroke of the forehead, the baby would suck. The conditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

The stroke of the forehead is the conditioned stimulus because it is a neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus (sucrose), comes to elicit the conditioned response (sucking).

Question 12

In their first half of life, infants' memories are not as developed as are those of older infants. Which modification to research procedures has resulted in the earliest indication of a long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their first half of life, infants'...

Question 13

Using a dynamic, moving stimulus, Bahrick and Pickens showed a memory retention of up to three months in

Accepted Answer

Bahrick and Pickens demonstrated that 3-month-old infants could retain memory of a dynamic, moving stimulus for up to three months.

Question 14

Three-month-old infants are exposed to the mobile procedure in which they learn to activate a mobile by kicking their legs. For about how long will the babies be able to remember the association between the kicking and the movement of the mobile?

Accepted Answer

Three-month-old infants can remember the association between their actions (like kicking) and the consequences (like the movement of a mobile) for about a week. This is based on studies of infant memory and learning, which show that at this age, infants can form short-term memories that last several days.

Question 15

Two groups of infants were exposed to the mobile procedure in which they learned to activate a mobile by kicking their legs. After 13 days, one group of infants watched as the experimenter jiggled the mobile over their heads. How did the infants in the two groups behave when placed in the mobile procedure at day 14?

Accepted Answer

The infants who saw the mobile jiggled at day 13 had a reminder of the association between kicking and the mobile's movement, leading them to kick more on day 14 compared to those who did not receive the reminder.

Question 16

Infants were exposed to the mobile procedure in which they learned to activate a mobile by kicking their legs. After 13 days, they watched as the experimenter jiggled the mobile over their heads. In this experiment, __________ occurred when the mobile was jiggled.

Accepted Answer

Reactivation occurred when the mobile was jiggled, as it served as a reminder or cue that helped the infants recall the learned behavior of kicking to activate the mobile.

Question 17

__________ refers to the preservation of the memory for an event through reencounter with at least some portion of the event in the interval between initial experience and memory test.

Accepted Answer

Reactivation is the process where the memory of an event is preserved through reencountering some aspects of the event between the initial experience and the memory test, helping to strengthen the memory trace.

Question 18

Infants, age 12 to 24 months, were shown a series of pictures of various kinds of food, then given a choice of looking at either a previously unseen item from the food category (e.g., an apple) or an item from a new category (e.g., a chair). What were the findings of this study?

Accepted Answer

The infants looked longer at the chair than the apple, indicating they had learned to categorize the food items and found the new, non-food category more interesting, showcasing their ability to distinguish between familiar and novel categories.

Question 19

If Alice is 17 months old, she should be able to remember information for approximately _______ weeks.

Accepted Answer

At 17 months old, a child can typically remember information for about 13 weeks, as memory retention improves with age.

Question 20

Thirteen-month-olds can remember and imitate simple sequences of action such as how to give teddy a bath (first place in tub, then wash with a sponge, then dry with a towel). This example suggests that ___________ have their origins in infancy.

Accepted Answer

Scripts, which are sequences of actions or events that one expects to occur in particular contexts, are evident in the example given. The ability of thirteen-month-olds to remember and imitate a sequence of actions (giving a teddy a bath) suggests that the concept of scripts, or understanding common sequences of events, begins to develop in infancy.

Quiz 9: Cognitive Development: The Information-Processing Approach