Question 1

Because of his culturally relativistic perspective, von Herder's writings emphasized the importance of the dynamic nature of both culture and:

Accepted Answer

Von Herder emphasized the importance of language as a dynamic and integral part of culture, reflecting his culturally relativistic perspective.

Question 2

The assumptions that members of the same species vary in many characteristics and that most species produce more offspring than their environment can support:

Accepted Answer

These assumptions are foundational to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The variation among individuals within a species provides the raw material for natural selection, and the overproduction of offspring leads to competition for resources, with those better adapted more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 3

The idea that some of present-day human behaviour was once important for the survival of an earlier form of animal was systematically laid out by:

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin systematically laid out the idea that certain behaviors and traits in present-day humans were important for the survival of earlier forms of animals through his theory of evolution by natural selection.

Question 4

The early work of __________ best represents the model that emphasizes the role of the child's cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau is known for emphasizing the importance of the child's active participation in learning, which aligns with the model that focuses on the child's cognitive development. He believed in the natural goodness of man and the freedom of children to develop naturally.

Question 5

The early work of __________ best represents the model that focuses on the influence of the child's sociocultural context.

Accepted Answer

Johann Gottfried von Herder's work is notable for emphasizing the importance of the cultural context in which a child grows up, arguing that an individual's development is deeply influenced by their sociocultural environment. This perspective laid the groundwork for later theories that focus on the sociocultural aspects of development.

Question 6

___________ is the term used specifically to refer to the intensive study of one's (e.g., Darwin's) own child's (e.g., Doddy's) development; this research method was important to early researchers of development, like James Mark Baldwin.

Accepted Answer

The baby biography method involves the detailed recording of the development of one's own child. Early researchers, including Darwin and Baldwin, used this method to gather data on child development.

Question 7

Who is credited with founding the field of developmental psychology?

Accepted Answer

G. Stanley Hall is considered the founder of developmental psychology, having established the first American psychology laboratory and focusing extensively on child development and evolutionary theory.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of Hall's contributions to psychology?

Accepted Answer

Granville Stanley Hall is known for his significant contributions to the field of psychology, including training the first generation of American developmental psychologists, founding important scientific journals, and inviting Sigmund Freud to lecture in the United States. However, he is not particularly noted for making important theoretical strides in psychology; his contributions are more in the realms of establishing psychology as a science and an academic discipline.

Question 9

Who is credited with opening the first psychology laboratory in Canada (at the University of Toronto)?

Accepted Answer

James Mark Baldwin is credited with opening the first psychology laboratory in Canada at the University of Toronto.

Question 10

A __________ is a theoretical idea shared by many scientists during a given period of time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A __________ is a theoretical idea shared...

Question 11

The research method that requires subjects to describe their mental processes is known as:

Accepted Answer

Introspection is a research method that involves the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology, introspection has historically been used to explore the inner processes of the mind by asking subjects to describe their mental experiences.

Question 12

John B. Watson believed that the subject of psychology should be the study of:

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson is known as the father of behaviorism, a school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the importance of observable behavior over internal processes such as thoughts and feelings. He argued that psychology should focus on what can be seen and measured.

Question 13

Behaviourists, like John B. Watson, believe that changes in behaviour are the result of:

Accepted Answer

Behaviourists, such as John B. Watson, focus on observable behaviors and believe that changes in behavior are primarily the result of conditioning processes, including both classical and operant conditioning. They do not emphasize innate ideas, heredity, or stage-like development as primary factors in behavior change.

Question 14

Melody, at 7 years of age, is a musical genius. Her parents, who are not musically inclined, attribute Melody's musical accomplishments to her constant exposure to great classical music since conception, her violin lessons since 18 months, and her piano lessons since 2 years of age. Melody's parents seem to be following the advice of:

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson, a behaviorist, believed that behaviors could be shaped through conditioning and environmental exposure. Melody's parents' approach aligns with Watson's view that exposure and practice (environmental factors) can develop skills, in this case, musical talent.

Question 15

Which theorist would be most likely to support efforts to teach children to read, play an instrument, and do math all before entering school?

Accepted Answer

Watson, a behaviorist, believed that behavior could be shaped through conditioning and that with the right environmental influences, children could be taught a variety of skills from an early age.

Question 16

Which theorist would be most likely to argue that development consists primarily of quantitative changes that are largely the result of simple combinations of previous behaviours?

Accepted Answer

Watson, a behaviorist, would argue that development is primarily about quantitative changes, emphasizing the role of learned behaviors and environmental influences rather than innate traits or stages of development.

Question 17

According to Watson, language and thought in young children:

Accepted Answer

Watson believed that language and thought in young children initially manifest as verbal behaviors before transitioning into a subvocal or silent form, emphasizing the behaviorist view that external behaviors precede internal processes.

Question 18

The focus of Arnold Gesell's 50 years of research focused primarily on:

Accepted Answer

Arnold Gesell's research primarily focused on the development of the typical child, charting the milestones of physical, motor, and behavioral development as children grow.

Question 19

Environmentalist is to nativist as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Environmentalist is to nativist as ________ is...

Question 20

Maturation refers to:

Accepted Answer

Maturation refers to the inborn biological processes that are assumed to be primarily responsible for human development, emphasizing the role of genetic and biological factors in the growth and development of individuals.

Quiz 1: Background and Theories