Question 1

What is the relationship between unpaid labour and the social class of partners?

Accepted Answer

High-income families where wives earn more than their husbands have more financial resources to outsource housework and child care, compared to high-income families led by male breadwinners, where traditional gender roles might discourage outsourcing domestic tasks.

Question 2

Why is it that even when both members of a couple say that division of unpaid labour is fair, women report doing more unpaid labour?

Accepted Answer

Women may report a division of unpaid labor as fair, even if they do more, to avoid conflict or tension within the relationship. This behavior aligns with societal expectations for women to maintain harmony in their personal relationships.

Question 3

What does research show about the organization of unpaid labour in same-sex couples?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that same-sex couples tend to share unpaid labor more equally compared to opposite-sex couples, reflecting less adherence to traditional gender roles.

Question 4

What is the relationship between paid and unpaid labour?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the relationship between paid and...

Question 5

What is the relationship between gender, earnings, and caregiving?

Accepted Answer

Women with children often face what is known as the "motherhood penalty," where they earn less on average than women without children. This can be due to a variety of factors, including potential discrimination by employers, the need for more flexible work schedules, or taking time off for maternity leave and child-rearing responsibilities, which can impact career progression and earnings.

Question 6

In which system are highly skilled and well-educated worker employed in large companies where job security, good wages, benefits, opportunities for advancement, and unionization are more common?

Accepted Answer

The primary labour market is characterized by high-skilled, well-educated workers employed in large companies, offering job security, good wages, benefits, opportunities for advancement, and often unionization.

Question 7

In which system are unskilled workers employed in smaller companies where wages are low, employment is precarious, few opportunities for promotion exist, and workers do not often have medical benefits or the protection of unionization?

Accepted Answer

The secondary labour market is characterized by low-paying, insecure jobs, often with small companies. Workers in this market typically have fewer opportunities for advancement, lack access to benefits like healthcare, and are less likely to be unionized, contrasting with the primary labour market's more stable, higher-paying jobs with benefits and opportunities for advancement.

Question 8

How do we describe part-time employment that includes working multiple jobs, temporary and seasonal work, contract employment, and self-employment?

Accepted Answer

Non-standard work includes part-time employment, working multiple jobs, temporary and seasonal work, contract employment, and self-employment, differing from traditional full-time, permanent jobs.

Question 9

In which system are people working full time year-round for the same company and enjoying health and other benefits?

Accepted Answer

Standard employment typically involves full-time, year-round work for the same company, often with benefits such as health insurance.

Question 10

People who work in traditionally female-dominated fields earn less money because these jobs are less valued and receive less financial compensation than jobs that were traditionally held by men. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is called a "wage penalty," where jobs traditionally held by women are undervalued and underpaid compared to those traditionally held by men.

Question 11

Men and women tend to work in different jobs; some fields are male dominated, such as trucking and skilled trades, and some are female dominated, such as nursing and social work. What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Men and women tend to work in...

Question 12

What do we call the gender disparity in pay benefits and working conditions that exists within the same occupational field?

Accepted Answer

Vertical occupational sex-segregation refers to the disparities in pay, benefits, and working conditions experienced by men and women within the same occupational field, often manifesting as a hierarchy where one gender is predominantly found in lower or higher status jobs within the field.

Question 13

What challenge do parents of disabled children face in caring for children?

Accepted Answer

Parents of disabled children often need to provide more care, which can limit their ability to work and reduce household income.

Question 14

What is the relationship between household children and caring for a disabled child?

Accepted Answer

Families caring for a disabled child often face additional financial burdens due to healthcare costs, specialized care, and potentially reduced income if a parent must reduce work hours or stop working. This can lead to a higher likelihood of living below the low-income cut-off.

Question 15

What term describes the fact that men in female-dominated professions such as teaching and social work are disproportionately overrepresented in upper-level management or supervisory positions?

Accepted Answer

The term "glass escalator" refers to the phenomenon where men in traditionally female-dominated professions (like teaching and social work) tend to rise faster to higher positions or leadership roles, in contrast to the "glass ceiling" that often prevents women from ascending in male-dominated fields.

Question 16

What term describes the fact that are very few women in senior management and executive positions and a barrier exists to women accessing these positions?

Accepted Answer

The term "glass ceiling" refers to the invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to the highest ranks of management and executive positions, despite their qualifications or achievements.

Question 17

What term describes the obstacles to career advancement that women face once they become pregnant or have children?

Accepted Answer

The term "maternal wall" specifically refers to the discrimination and obstacles women may face in their careers due to pregnancy or having children, impacting their advancement opportunities.

Question 18

What term was coined by Hochschild (1997) to describe the mental and emotional energy involved in dealing with the challenges of severe time shortages experienced by contemporary working parents?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What term was coined by Hochschild (1997)...

Question 19

What book written by Hochschild (1997) argued that sometimes working parents prefer being at work because their home life is perceived to be more stressful than the workplace?

Accepted Answer

"The Time Bind" by Arlie Russell Hochschild (1997) argues that some working parents find their workplace to be less stressful than their home, leading them to spend more time at work.

Question 20

Which political trend has led to less state support for families, which are viewed as being responsible for their own welfare?

Accepted Answer

Neoliberalism emphasizes free-market capitalism and often leads to reduced government spending on social services, including support for families, under the belief that individuals are primarily responsible for their own welfare.

Quiz 7: Work and Family Life